篇一:CuteEditor高级配置
CuteEditor使用详解 收藏
CuteEditor是一款功能非常强大,支持图片上传、文件下载和word类似的文字编辑器。对于新闻 发布系统和博客之类的系统,是非常的方便的。
一、CuteEditor的配置
1、将以下文件考贝到你站点根目录下的bin内(这些在CuteEditor6.0/bin下都可 以找到)
CuteEditor.dll,
CuteEditor.ImageEditor.dll(6.0增加的EditorImage功能),
CuteEditor.lic(解密文件),
NetSpell.SpellChecker.dll(拼写检查功能)
注:(“.dic”为扩展名的文件是词典保存为纯文本文件的格式。将CuteEditor6.0/bin文件夹里的都拷到站点根目录下的bin内也可以)
2、将CuteSoft_Client文件夹拷贝到项目的根目录
CuteSoft_Client包含CuteEditor文件夹和example.css,放了控件图片,文件之类的数据example.css它指定了 编辑器的样式。(在2.0下可能要把dialog文件夹里面的
getfilethub.aspx删除)
注:FilesPath用来设置所对应的目录,如:
FilesPath="~/admin/CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/"
把example.css文件拷贝到相应目录,并设置EditorWysiwygModeCss属性。 如:EditorWysiwygModeCss="/admin/CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/themes
/example.css
3、在根目录下建立Uploads的文件夹作为上传图片及附件的根目录
4、将CuteEditor.dll添加到工具箱
先在工具箱空白处右击选择 “添加选择项”,给选项卡添加一外名称为:CuteEditor。再在该选项卡中右击,选择“选择项 ”,在弹出的对话框的“.NET Frameword组件”标签中选择要添加的DLL文件即可。
5、CuteEditor属性设置(假设当前页在根目录下)
1)AutoConfigure设为simple,即选择最简单的界面显示方式
2)EditorWysiwygModecss设为:CuteSoft_Client/example.cs,需要把example.css文件放到该目 录下。
3)FilesPath设为:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor,设置CuteEditor目录的路径
6、控件的调用代码如下:
<%@ Register TagPrefix="CE" Namespace="CuteEditor"
Assembly="CuteEditor" %> 如果是按照第4步从工具箱中拖放到页面的话,则此代码会自动生成,不需要要手动添加。
<CE:EDITOR id="Editor1" runat="server" Width="700px"
FilesPath="~/CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/"EditorWysiwygModeCss="../example.css" ThemeType="Office2003_BlueTheme"></CE:EDITOR>
或者
<CE:Editor ID="ce1" runat="server"
FilesPath="~/admin/CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/"
EditorWysiwygModeCss="~/Admin/CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/Themes/example.css" ThemeType="Office2003_BlueTheme" ></CE:Editor>
注:
可修改CuteSoft_Client\CuteEditor\Configuration\AutoConfigure文件夹下的文件,改便 CuteEditor工具栏按钮的显示或排列。
可修改文件
CuteSoft_Client\CuteEditor\Configuration\Shared\Common.config来添加字体。
7、修改Web.config文件
<appSettings>
<add key="DictionaryFolder" value="bin" />
</appSettings>
<system.web>//注本节代码在.net2.0下是否需要设置,本人未验证。
<browserCaps>
tagwriter=System.Web.UI.HtmlTextWriter
</browserCaps>
</system.web>
二、基本属性:
EditorWysiwygModeCss :设置样式
ThemeType :设置风格
AutoConfigure :选择功能是简单还是复杂的
Text :设置加载时候默认内容
MaxHTMLLength :设置最大长度
BreakElement :默认“回车”产生什么HTML
URLType :没发现有什么区别
ResizeMode :自动长度(长度设置的几中形式)
ReadOnly :是否为只读
CustomCulture :设置语言类型 china 为zh-cn
EditCompleteDocument :设置是否完整的HTML页面代码(也就是说是不是包括html头) AllowPasteHtml :是否允许粘帖HTML代码
EnableContextMenu :在文本里是否显示右键菜单
三、CuteEditor文件夹里的配置
1)控制工具拦显示:在CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/Configuration/AutoConfigure 里设置
2)控制右键显示:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor /Configuration/ContextMenuMode里设
置
3)设置权限:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor /Configuration/Security里设置
例如要设置各种组件的大小等属性限制,如控制上传文件的大小等,可在
CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/Configuration /Security修改“Security”文件夹中的“Default.config”文件即可
==========================
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<configuration>
<security name="RestrictUploadedImageDimension">true</security>//是否限制上传图象尺寸
<security name="OverWriteExistingUploadedFile">false</security>//如果上传的文件已经存在,是否将其覆盖
<security name="UseTimeStampRenameUploadedFiles">true</security> //重命名为时间
<security name="AutoResizeUploadedImages">true</security>//是否自动调整上传图象
<security name="MaxImageWidth">1024</security>//上传图象的最大宽度 <security name="MaxImageHeight">768</security>//上传图象的最小宽度 <security name="MaxImageSize">1000</security>//上传图象文件的最大值 <security name="MaxMediaSize">100</security>//上传媒体文件的最大值 <security name="MaxFlashSize">100</security>//上传Flash文件的最大值 <security name="MaxDocumentSize">10000</security>//文档最大值
<security name="MaxTemplateSize">1000</security>//模板最大值
<security name="ImageGalleryPath">~/uploads</security>//图象文件上传路径
<security name="MediaGalleryPath">~/uploads</security>//媒体文件上传路径
<security name="FlashGalleryPath">~/uploads</security>//Flash文件上传路径 <security name="TemplateGalleryPath">~/templates</security>//模板路径 <security name="FilesGalleryPath">~/uploads</security>//文件库路径
<security name="MaxImageFolderSize">102400</security>//图象文件夹最大值 <security name="MaxMediaFolderSize">102400</security>//媒体文件夹最大值 <security name="MaxFlashFolderSize">102400</security>//Flash文件夹最大值
<security name="MaxDocumentFolderSize">102400</security>//文档文件夹最大值
<security name="MaxTemplateFolderSize">102400</security>//模板文件夹最大值
<security name="ThumbnailWidth">80</security>//最小宽度
<security name="ThumbnailHeight">80</security>//最小高度
<security name="ThumbnailColumns">5</security>//最小列数
<security name="ThumbnailRows">3</security>//最小行数
<security name="AllowUpload">true</security>//是否允许上传
<security name="AllowModify">true</security>//是否允许修改
<security name="AllowRename">true</security>//是否允许重命名 <security name="AllowDelete">true</security>//是否允许删除
<security name="AllowCopy">true</security>//是否允许复制
<security name="AllowMove">true</security> <!-- this is rename too -->//是否允许移动
<security name="AllowCreateFolder">true</security>//是否允许创建文件夹 <security name="AllowDeleteFolder">true</security>//是否允许删除文件夹 <security name="ImageFilters">//这里过滤(设置)图象文件格式
<item>.jpg</item>
<item>.jpeg</item>
<item>.gif</item>
<item>.png</item>
</security>
<security name="MediaFilters">//这里过滤(设置)媒体文件格式
<item>.avi</item>
<item>.mpg</item>
<item>.mpeg</item>
<item>.mp3</item>
</security>
<security name="DocumentFilters">//这里过滤(设置)文档文件格式
<item>.txt</item>
<item>.doc</item>
<item>.pdf</item>
<item>.zip</item>
<item>.rar</item>
<item>.avi</item>
<item>.mpg</item>
<item>.mpeg</item>
<item>.swf</item>
<item>.jpg</item>
<item>.jpeg</item>
<item>.gif</item>
<item>.png</item>
<item>.htm</item>
</security>
</configuration>
========================
4)设置工具拦按钮具体功能:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/Configuration/Shared 里设置
5)设置工具拦按钮具体功能:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor/Configuration/Shared 里设置
6)设置语言:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor /Configuration/Languages里设置
7)添加字体:CuteSoft_Client/CuteEditor /Configuration/Shared/Common.config里设置
感觉 CuteEditor 每处都可以 改变,因为它整体思路都是用摸板,具体体现形式写在配置文件里面。用户修改配置文件或是它提供的属性就可以实现自己的功能!
四、CuteEditor的服务器端控制
1)设置编辑器的默认文本:
Editor1.Text = "Default Text"; //服务器端方法
var editor =
document.getElementById('<%=Editor1.ClientID %>'); //JavaScript方法 var editorText = editor.getHTML();
2)修改文件的上传目录:Editor1.SetSecurityGalleryPath("~/uploads/jpg");
修改上传文件的总大小(以Flash为例):Editor1.SetSecurityMaxFlashFolderSize(1000); 修改单个上传文件的大小(以Flash为例):Editor1.SetSecurityMaxFlashSize(kb);//默认KB为单位
3)多用户文件夹
由于上传的文件统一被放置到uploads文件夹中,可以通过程序控制为每个用户建立一个上传的文件 夹。代码如下:
using System.IO;
string username = Session["username"].ToString() ;
fullPath = Server.MapPath("uploads\\") + username;
if (!Directory.Exists(fullPath))
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(fullPath);
}
Editor1.SetSecurityGalleryPath("~/uploads/" + username);
五、动态分配CuteEditor上传路径
就是 SetSecurityGalleryPath这个方法可以设置上传路径,这样就可以实现每个用户独立一个文件,甚至可以分配空间大小等。
Editor1.SetSecurityGalleryPath("~/uploads/" + username);
以图片为例
Editor1.SetSecurityImageBrowserPath(path);//设置浏览图片路径
Editor1.SetSecurityImageGalleryPath(path);//设置图片上传路径
Editor1.SetSecurityMaxImageDimension(width,height);//设置图片上传尺寸 Editor1.SetSecurityMaxImageSize(kb);//设置图片上传文件大小
其他还有类似的方法,可以慢慢研究。
六、使cuteeditor支持中文上传
CuteEditor是个非常强大的编辑器,不过也有不尽任意的地方,例如上传不支持中文,不过也有方法解决。
打开CuteSoft_Client\CuteEditor\Configuration\Security \Default.config文件 找到
<security name="filenamePattern" />
把他改成
<security
name="filenamePattern">^[a-zA-Z0-9\._\s-\u4e00-\u9fa5]+$</security>
篇二:Unit 1
Unit 1--------Exercise 1
Cara. What your name?
A am, areB is ,is C are ,amD are ,are
that pet! It?s a cat.
A of B at C afterD like
3.Act out the conversations on the picture. Then introduce yourself our partner.
A of B /C withD to
4.------Morning , Ms White -------__________
A Good morning, Gina B Hello, GinaC Hi, Gina D Morning Gina
5.------Good afternoon, Carol.
-------_________, I am late.
-------_________
A Excuse me. That?s all right. B Sorry. It?s OK.
C Sorry.That?s all right. D Excuse me. It?s OK.
6.Some names are _________ boys ________ men like Charles.
A for, or B / ,orC of ,andD for , and
7.Please write _________ her name in the Address List.
A /B about C in D down
8.Give ________ an English name you like .
A yourselves B/C your D yourself
9.Choose the girl?s name. _________
A Ben B Emily C Alan D Connie
10.I see _______ ad for some cheap CDs.
A /B a C an D the
11.The boy is ________ young ________ write a letter.
A so , to B too , to C to , to D so , with
12.----- ________ . Nice to meet you, too.
A Good afternoonB Nice to meet youC Glad to meet you D Morning
13.Who is that ? ________ Dennis.
A He name is B His nameC It?sD It
14.What?s this? ______ a flag.
A This?s B This is C It?sD It
15.Thank you very much. _______
A Thank you B OK C ThanksD Not at all.
16.What?s this _______ English? __________
A / ; A notebook. B / ; It?s a notebook.C in ; A notebook D in ; It?s a notebook
17.Draw a TV, please. _________
A Very good B Thank youC I don?tD All right
18.Can you ______ it ? Yes. N-O-S-E , nose.
A writeB spell C read D learn
19.Wendy, __________ is this ? It?s X.
A what colour B What colour C What D what letter
20.Now you ________ , I can ________ the ABC song.
A sea ; thinkB sea ; spell C see ; singD see ; thing
21.This is my photo. It?s very _______.
A nice B well C okD kind
22.Red is my favorite color. Blue is my favorite color ,_________
A to B two C tooD also
23.What?s the Chinese ________ “flag”?Qizhi.
A at B forC in D with
24.------Let?s watch TV.
-----That ________ good.
A soundsB is sound C soundD is sounds
25.------ Amy ,________ oranges orange, please.
A is B am C colorD like
26.The girl _________ is Julia.
A on yellowB in yellow C on a yellow D in a yellow
27.What color is John?s football? It?s __________.
A a white B a black C black and white D black with white
28.The shop isn?t pen. It?s ______
A closing B closed C closes D close
29.The dictionary is a good helper ______us.
A inB on C for D to
30.Let?s listen. Then work _______ pairs.
A / B for C in D at
31.My sister is _____. She can?t go to school.
A too young B too smallC very young D very small
32.Sorry, I can?t help you now. ________
A That?s right. B That?s all right. C You?re welcome.
33.How do you do? __________
A OK. B Good morning! C Thank you.D How do you do?
34.Mona is __________ .
A in Grade 1, Class 9 B Grade 1, Class 9 C in Class 9,Grade 1 D Class 9, Grade 1
35.What?s this in English? ____________
A It a bee. B It?s bee. C It?s a bee D This is a bee.
36.--------See you later!
--------_________ .
A Thank you B Excuse meC Hello D See you
37.“世界卫生组织”的缩写是:__________
A W.C.B WTO C WHOD MTV
38._______ you spell your name , please?
A Am B Is C Are D Can
39.That is a ______ sharpener.
A pen B pencil C ruler D eraser
40.Now , class , let?s listen and write. _______.
A Very good B Sorry , I don?t know C Bye D OK
Unit 2-------Exercise 1
1.What?s that ? It?s _________ .
A Letter a B letter A C letter a D latter a
2.“Nice to see you.”means __________.
A Nice to you B Nice you C Nice to glad you D Nice to meet you
3.Father is the opposite of _________ .
A motherB brother C kidD friend
4.Identification means _________
A IT B INC IDD IF
5.______ to our school .
A Well comeB Wellcome C welcomeD Welcome
6.Bob is my frend . Dennis is my friend, _________
A twoB to C tow D too
7.Glad to meet you .___________.
A Nice to meet you, too . B Nice to see you,too.
C Glad to see you, too.D Glad to meet you
8.What?s that ? I ________ it?s a flag.
A thank B guess C nameD like
9._________ the picture, it?s a kite.
A Look B See C Look at D See
10. Liuhuan is a ________
A grate singer B grade sing C great sing D great singer
11.________ is the boy over there ? My brother.
A What B Which C Who?s D Who
12.“工商管理硕士”的缩写是:______
A NBA B MBAC CBAD HB
13.“Thank you . That?s all right.”“That?s all right. ”means________
A Sorry.B It doesn?t matter . C You?re welcome.D Thank you , too.
14.Thanks _______ your help.
A / B to C ofD for
15.How are you ? __________
A I?m good .B I?m 13. C I fine. And you ?D Fine ,thanks.
16.In your house, you can?t find ________ .
A tank B sofaC mall D A and C
17.If you want to know time, you?ll look at a __________.
A ball B clock C coffee D rose
18.Wang Fei?s songs are very _______.
A well B like C popD hot
19.A rose ! ________ it _______ your name?
A.DO, /B.DO,sounds C.Does, /D.Does, sound
20.I like ________ coffee.
A.tall B.fine C.a D.hot
21.Who is your grandfather? The ________ one is.
A.late B.tallC.pop D.big
22.“智商、情商、逆境商”的缩写分别是:___________
A.QQ IQ EQ B.EQ IQ AQC.IQ EQ AQD.IQ EQ QQ
23.Hate is the opposite of ________
A.hope B.like C.lateD.look
24.I am before S, I am after Q. What am I ?
A. B.P C.U D.R
25.Which is different?_______
A.Good B.Goodbye C.Bye-bye D.Bye
26.SOS means _________
A.see our sheepB save our sheep C.see our ship D.save our ship
27.Write ______ your name , please.
A.out B.down C.forD.of
28.The students work ______ . They help each other.
A.pairly B.in pair C.in pairsD.pair
29.Does he ______ TV in the afternoon? Yes, he does.
A.watchesB.watch C.read D.look
30.“Let?s” means ___________
A.Let us B.Let me C.Let is D.Let sing
31.世界贸易组织的缩写是:
A.WTO B.WHOC.W.C. D.MTV
32.Yellow +blue =________
A.white B.green C.orange D.black
33.Black tea means __________
A.黑茶 B.纯茶 C.浓茶 D.红茶
34.You can ________ it green.
A.color B see C.look D.write
35.MTV means _________
A.music tv B.movie TVC.music TVD.movie tv
36.“The English alphabet” we can also say ________.
A.English names B.a b c C.A B CD.NBA
37.Greenhouse means _______
A.绿房子 B.没有建好的房子 C.危险的房子D.生手、没有经验的人
38.W.C. means ________
A.water closet B.washing room C.washing closetD.water room
39.Tom is a good boy. Jim is a good boy,________.
A.two B.to C.tooD.also
40.Chinese flag is _________.
A.greenB.red C.blue D.black
Unit 3-----Exercise 1
1.Excuse me ,_______ you Mark?
A.isB.was C.areD.am
2.What?s ______ name ? _______ is Jenny.
A.her;Her name?s B.her;Her name C.his;His name?s D.his;His name
3.That is Ms Smith. _______ is an English teacher.
A.He?s B.He C.She?s D.She
4.Is his name Bruce ?Yes, _____ is .
A.heB.she C.it D.him
5.My name is John Dale White._______ is my first name.
A.John B.DaleC.White
6.Five + two =________?
A.Zero B.six C.seven
7._______ first name is Linda.
A.She B.He C.Her
8._______–six = four
A.Zero B.ten C.nine
9.His name is Bill Grates. We call him ______.
A.Mrs Gates B.Miss Gates C.Mr Gates
10.Her full name is Tanya Lopez . Tanya is her _______ .
A.first name B last name C.middle name
11.Look at that boy! He is Jim Allen Green. Allen is his ______.
A.first name B last name C.middle name
12.What?s your _____ number, Peter ? It?s 666888.
A.teliphone B.telephone C.telephones
13.This is _______ teacher .
A.my ChineseB.my aC.me
14.Nice to meet you .______
A.Nice to meet you. B.How are you ? C. Thanks
15.Your picture is very good. ______
A.No, it isn?t. B.It?s not good. C.Yes,it is.
16.______ is a cat ._______ name is Mimi.
A.It; It?sB.It?s; It C.It; It
17.Look! This is ______ ID card. Is it ______?
A.an, your B./,yours C.an, yours
18.How do ______ spell _____ name?
A.you ,youB.your, your C.your, you
19._____ is a nice girl,_____ name is Betty.
A.She, sheB.She, sheC.Her, her
20.Write our phone number _______ a piece of paper.
A.down B.on C.in
21.How are you ? I?m ______ , thank you .
A.fineB.goodC.right D.John White D.eight D.His D.Ten D.Mr Bill D.given name D.given nameD telephone?sD.Chinese my D.Nice to meet you, too. D.Thank you. D.It; Its D./, yourD.you, yourD.Her,sheD.atD.hello
篇三:2
七.Seed and fruit种子和果实
(一) Seed and seedling种子和幼苗
1. 种子的形成和结构:
(1) formation of embryo胚的形成:(2N)外面产生纤维
素的细胞壁,经休眠横分裂成两个大小不等的细胞,靠近珠孔端的细胞较长,高度液化,称为基细胞,远珠孔端的细胞较小,细胞质较浓,称为顶端细胞。基细胞经过分裂形成胚柄细胞。顶端细胞也同时进行分裂,经过球形胚,心形胚,鱼雷胚阶段,发育成幼胚。随着胚的发育,胚柄不断伸长,将胚体不断推向胚囊深处。(顶端细胞经2次纵(球形胚),上面4个发育成胚芽、子叶,下面4个发育成胚轴,胚根,8个细胞分裂成球形胚体,经细胞分裂分化,两边分裂较快,成子叶原基,中央凹陷处为胚芽,此时形成了心形胚。胚体下半部成胚根、胚轴,单子叶植物子叶原基发育不均等,一个子叶原基发育成子叶,另一个子叶原基退化,只留下一些痕迹。)
(2) formation of albumen胚乳的形成:胚乳由受精的极
核(受精的中央细胞)发育而来,胚乳发育在先(先于胚乳的发育),不经休眠。胚乳(3N)形成的方式: a. 核型胚乳:胚乳核不经过休眠,进行多次的核
分裂,由外到内向心发展。整个胚囊最后被胚
乳细胞充满,将胚包围起来。咖啡形成几百个
游离核,才进行细胞质的分裂,形成细胞壁。
核形胚乳是最普遍的,如单子叶植物,双子叶
植物的离瓣花。
b. 细胞型胚乳:胚乳核每次分裂都伴随着细胞质
的分裂和细胞壁的形成,无游离核阶段,如双
子叶植物的合瓣花。
c. 沼生目型胚乳介于核型胚乳与细胞型胚乳之
间,初生胚乳核第一次分裂时形成横壁,把胚
囊分成珠孔室和合点室。珠孔室较大,核多次
分裂成游离状态,并一直保持游离状态。如单
子叶植物沼生目:泽泻、慈菇,某些百合植物。
胚的发育,胚乳的形成,胚囊外围的珠心组织不断被胚、胚囊发育时吸收掉。
成熟种子一般看不到珠心组织,有的植物珠心组织反而增大,形成一种类似胚乳的贮藏组织,称为外胚乳,如石竹科、藜科、苋科(苋科有外胚乳无内胚乳)、睡莲科。外胚乳与内胚乳功能相同,但来源不同。
多数植物是有胚乳种子,无胚乳种子如豆科植物,有外胚乳的植物占少数,胡椒、姜有外胚乳和胚乳;苋、甜菜有外胚乳无胚乳。
(3) formation of teste种皮的形成:胚、胚乳发育的结果
使胚珠体积增大,胚珠的体积增大到一定程度后,珠被通过一系列变化形成种皮,内珠被形成内种皮,外珠被形成外种皮,如蓖麻、苹果等。但有些植物,如毛茛科、豆科等,内珠被在发育过程中被破坏掉,只有外珠被发育成种皮。另有一些植物,如玉米、小麦、水稻外珠被被毁坏,内珠被发育成种皮。
(4) form of seed种子的外形:
a. hilum种脐:种子由种柄上脱落的痕迹(珠柄
——种柄)
b. 种孔:原来的珠孔
c. 种脊:倒生胚珠外珠被与珠柄合生而成
d. 种阜:外珠被在珠孔端向上延伸发育而来,细
胞间隙较大,较轻松,吸水力强。
2. Types of seed种子的基本类型:
(1) 有胚乳种子:种子由种皮,胚和胚乳组成。如双子
叶植物的许多种,单子叶植物的种子。双子叶植物
以蓖麻为例。单子叶植物以水稻为例。水稻的果实
称为颖果,由颖果皮、胚乳和胚三部分组成。颖果
的果皮与种皮愈合,不易分离。在颖果中,胚乳占据了大部分的体积;胚颖果基部的一侧,仅占小部分的位置。胚乳由糊粉层和淀粉层组成,糊粉层紧贴种皮,仅一层细胞。胚由胚芽、胚芽鞘(coleoptile)、胚根、胚根鞘(colerhiza)、胚轴和子叶组成。子叶盾形,称为盾片(scutellum),盾片与胚乳相接近的一面,有一层排列整齐的上皮细胞,在种子萌发时可分泌酶,分解蛋白和淀粉,然后由上皮细胞吸收,转运到胚的生长部位。胚轴一侧与盾片相对的地方,有一片薄膜状的突起,称为外胚叶(epiblast)。
(2) 无胚乳种子:这类种子由种皮和胚两部分组成,缺
乏胚乳。如蚕豆种子,它在种子发育时,胚乳已被消耗殆尽,所以没有胚乳。慈菇种子外种皮仅一层细胞,胚在种子中弯曲。
(3) 胚状体和人工种子:
a. 胚状体:在自然界或组织培养中,从非合子细
胞起源,经过胚胎发育过程而形成胚状结构,
称为胚状体embryoid。
b. 人工种子:在离体培养条件下诱导产生的体细
胞胚状体,采用理化因素控制胚状体同步生
长,在胚状体表面上包一层有机化合物作为保
护胚状体及提供营养的“种皮”,这种和种子
相似的结构称为人工种子。人工种子是在现代
科学技术和理论的支持下,在室内大量培养规
格一致的种子,对于快速繁殖种子,提高育种
的效率,特别是对选育种具有重大意义。
(二) 果实的形成和类型
1. Formation and structure of fruit果实的形成和结构
(1) 果实的形成:胚囊中的卵细胞经过受精,花萼、花
冠、雌蕊群、柱头、花柱枯萎(有的植物花萼宿存:如茄、柿、茶),胚珠发育成种子,子房发育成果实,
子房发育成果皮。
(2) 果实的构造:果皮和种子。果皮可分成三层:外,
中,内果皮。通常难于分辨,三层果皮合生在一起,如花生,豆类。
2. 单性结实和无子结实:一般说来要经过受精后才能
结实,但有些植物不经过受精作用也能形成果实,但果实内不含种子,如葡萄、香蕉、菠萝等。单性结实有两类:一为自发单性结实(authomous parthenocarpy),一为诱导性单性结实(induced parthenocarpy)。农业生产可用植物生长素处理将要开放的花蕾,诱导单性结实。单性结实能形成无子果实,但无子果实不一定完全由单性结实所致。
3. 果实的类型:
(1) 按来源分:
a. true fruit真果:单纯由子房发育而成的果实,桃、
柑桔、柿等。
b. spurious fruits假果:除子房外还有花的其他部
分参加果实的形成,最常见的是花托、花被、
花轴,苹果、梨、番石榴等。
(2) 按果实形成时是一朵花或花序可分:
a. simple fruit单果:1朵花只有一个雌蕊(单雌蕊
或复雌蕊)该雌蕊发育成一个果实,如大多数
植物。
b. aggregate fruit聚合果:一朵花由几个离生雌蕊
组成,每一离生雌蕊形成一个小果,很多个小
果聚生在花托上。如八角、莲、木兰科植物。
c. collective fruits复果(聚花果):由整个花序形
成的果实,如桑椹,是雌花序,每朵雌花形成
一个果实,吃用的是果肉质花被(只有花萼,
无花冠)。菠萝吃用的是花序轴,吃用时运动去
世掉的是苞片和花被。无花果的食用部分是肉
质的花轴。
(3) 按果实的性质及成熟后是否开裂可分为肉果和
干果两类:
a. fleshy fruit肉果:果皮肉质化,又可分为: a) berry浆果:果皮除外面几层细胞外,大部分肉质化,富含汁液。如蕃茄。属于浆果的还有瓠果。
b) hesperidium柑果:柑桔植物果实由多室子房、上位子房发育而来,是真果,外果皮革质,具油囊,中果皮疏松,内果皮薄膜向内愈合成囊状,分隔成室,内面长出多细胞的肉质表皮毛,柚吃多细胞表皮毛,柑、桔、橙吃内果皮及其多细胞表皮毛。
c) drupe核果:内果皮坚硬,由石细胞构成,将种子包在里面,外果皮薄,中果皮肉质,是主要的食用部分。李、桃、杏、橄榄种子在内果皮中,桃仁、杏仁、榄仁是种子。椰子中果皮纤维质,内果皮坚硬,称椰壳,内面才是种子,有硬化胚乳和水样胚乳,球形胚。
d) pome梨果:由下位子房发育而来,假果、花托和子房愈合,外果皮和花托无明显界线,中果皮肉质,带酸味,内果皮革质,吃用部分是花托。
b. dry fruit and its types干果及其类型:果皮干燥,
根据果实成熟后果皮是否开裂划分为裂果和闭果:
a) dehiscent fruit裂果:
i. legume荚果:由单雌蕊发育而成,果皮沿着
背缝线和腹缝线同时开裂成两瓣。豆科植物的果实,但有些豆科植物的果实不开裂,如花生,或成节荚,成熟时一节节脱落。