篇一：初四英语试题
2010-2011学年度第二学期阶段性检测
初四英语试题
2011.03
注意事项：
1.务必在试卷的规定位置将你的学校、姓名、班级、考号等内容填写正确。
2.试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，满分为100分，考试时间为100分钟。
3.请将第Ⅰ卷选择题填在答题栏内；考试结束后，由监考老师将第Ⅱ卷收回。
第Ⅰ卷 （选择题 共54分）
一、单项填空 （共15小题，计15分）
从每小题A、B、C、D中选出一个能填入句中空白处的最佳答案。
（ ）1. Avatar(阿凡达) is suchinteresting science fiction movie that I want to see it
______ second time.
A. a, a B. an, theC. /, the D. an, a
（ ）2. —When shall we go to the museum, this afternoon or tomorrow morning?
—______ is OK. I’m free these days.
A. Both B. AllC. Either D. Neither
（ ）3. —Could I use your dictionary?
—Yes, you ______.
A. canB. could C. needD. should
（ ）4. There are many people downstairs. What do you think ______?
A. to happen B. happeningC. is happened D. has happened
（ ）5. —Can I help you?
—I’d like ______ for my twin daughters.
A. two pair of shoesB. two pairs of shoe
C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes
（ ）6. —What’s the matter?
—I am having trouble ______ who has taken my book.
A. finding B. looking forC. finding out D. looking up
（ ）7. —______ have you been away from your hometown, Janet?
— Since 5 years ago.
A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How often
（ ）8. Be sure ______ to my house tonight.
A. come B. to comeC. coming D. came
（ ）9. Jin Yong is one of the greatest and oldest ______ writers. He is still ______.
A. living; aliveB. living; living C. alive; living D. alive; alive
（ ）10. Liaoning Province is ______ the northeast of China.
A. at B. in C. on D. to
（ ）11. — new buildings! I can’t believe that. Ita poor village.
—Yes. Everything has changed here these years.
A. So many; used to be B. So much; is used to being
C. Too many; used to be D. Too much; used to
（ ）12. I think the blue shirt looks muchon you than the red one.
A. goodB. best C. better D. well
（ ）13. My father is a teacher. He oftenlate till 10 o’clock to get ready for his
lessons.
A. stays upB. gets up C. wakes up D. shows up
（ ）14. —I’m sorry I don’t understand .
—Don’t worry. I’ll repeat it.
A. which you said B. what did you say
C. which did you say D. what you said
（ ）15. —Your father is sleeping. Would you mind turning down the TV?
—’ll do it right away.
A. Not at all. B. Of course. C. No way.D. Sounds good.
二、完形填空（共10小题，计15分）
阅读下面短文，从各题A、B、C、D中选出一个能填入文章中相应空白处的最佳答案。 There was an old pear tree in a man’s garden. In the past, the tree fruited every year, so the man many pears. But now, the tree got old. There were no more pears for the man. So the man decided to cut the tree down. When he walked toward the tree with an axe in his hand, the tree said to him, “Please don’t cut me down. I have born so many pears for you in the years. Now I will die soon. I only have a short time to live. Please don’t kill a dying tree that has done so much for you.”
“I’m sorry. I do so,” the man said. “Because I need wood to make a chair.” Then he began to wave his axe. At that moment, a bird in the old tree shouted at him, “Don’t cut it down! the tree to enjoy its cool shade, and I sing songs to make her happy. We give much pleasure to your wife when you are away from home.”
The man didn’t to the bird and drove it away. Just when he was about to cut the tree, some bees flew out of it and said, “Listen! If you agree not to kill this tree, we will give you delicious every day. Would you please leave the tree with us?”
The man got moved. He said, “You are so kind to the tree, although it has old. Now I see that I shouldn’t cut it down. It has done so much for me and my wife. Let the treehere, and let the bird continue to sing songs here.” With these words, the man left. And the old tree lived there to its last day.
（ ）16. A. bought B. gotC. soldD. ate
（ ）17. A. goodB. kindC. boringD. ungrateful
（ ）18. A. future B. pastC. passD. far
（ ）19. A. have to B. had toC. needD. must
（ ）20. A. aloneB. alongC. happyD. lonely
（ ）21. A. on B. upC. downD. under
（ ）22. A. hearB. heardC. listenD. listened
（ ）23. A. foodB. fruitC. honeyD. vegetables
（ ）24. A. become B. became C. grownD. gone
（ ）25. A. putB. keepC. comeD. stay
三、阅读理解（共15小题，计24分）
阅读下列短文，并做每篇后面的题目，从各题A、B、C、D中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。
A
There was enough to pay for school and books, but not enough for room and food. I had to look for a part time job. Then a man called Jack, asked me to look after his grandparents.
My first discovery was his grandmother’s great love of music. She spent hours playing the piano. Some days later she began to teach me the art.
Grandma was moved by my ability and encouraged me to continue. On weekends,
their house was filled with joy. They played and sang happily.
One day after a few months, as I was running back to his house, the phone rang.
“Tom, don’t come back.” Jack said.
“Why? What’s wrong?” I asked.
“Grandma died last night, and we have decided to put Grandpa in an old people’”
I hung up the phone, feeling like my world had ended. I had lost my friend, and that was far worse than knowing I would have no enough money for a room.
I went back at the end of the week, looking for another job. Then Jack came with an envelope with him. He gave me the envelope. “This is for you,” he said.
It was from Grandma. She had known how sick she was. In the envelope was enough money to pay for the rest of my school year and a request（请求） that I should take piano lessons in her memory.
Now, years later, when I walk by a piano, I smile and think of Grandma. She is listening to the music in heaven, looking down on me. I am sure.
（ ）26. From the first paragraph, we know the writer .
A. had not any money B. didn’t have enough money
C. didn’t go to school anymore D. didn’t like to go to school
（ ）27. Grandmother was interested in .
A. musicB. sportsC. booksD. money
（ ）28. The underlined words “I’m sorry” means .
A. Jack did something wrongB. Jack’s grandma was ill C. I would lose my job D. I must go on with the job
（ ）29. From the last paragraph we can infer（推断） .
A. grandma is still living B. I’m still interested in music
C. I never play the piano D. I still do part time job
B
Maybe you have seen this in schools: some students are studying nearly all the time but they just pass their exams, while some others may spend much less time on their books but do much better in exams. How could this happen? People used to think that hard work is the only way to success. But now they have understood that smart work can make them succeed, too.
Hard workers don’t mind working for long hours, while smart workers always think of several different answers to these questions, “Why should I suffer this?” “Isn’t there a better way to do this?” Thanks to these people, we can use computers instead of the
abacus now. Progress in every field is the direct result of “try to find a better way” by smart
workers.
There was a large soap factory in Japan. Once it received an unusual letter from someone who complained that there was no soap in the soapbox he bought.
How could empty soapboxes go out of the factory? The engineers checked the producing and packing. The producing was fine, but in about one in ten thousand cases, the packing machine let an empty soapbox go. There was no need to spend a lot of money repairing the machine for such a small problem. The engineer soon worked out a solution: he put a huge X-ray machine and two large computers to find out the empty soapboxes. After teaching the workers how to use it, he sat down in his seat, exhausted.
“Sir, we could have solved the problems in a much simpler and cheaper way.” A worker said. “Really? How?”
“We can put a huge fan near the packing machine. The wind coming from the fan will the empty boxes, leaving the other boxes with soap. There would be no need for an X-ray machine, two computers, and operating by workers.”
See, this is smart work. In order to succeed, we should not only work hard like the engineer, but also think smart like this worker.
（ ）30. Some students spend much less time on schoolwork but do much better in
exams
A. because of their hard work
B. because of different education
C. because they try to find a better way
D. because they study for a much longer time
（ ）31. The soap factory could onlynear the packing machine to solve the problems
in a much simpler and cheaper way.
A. set some soapboxes B. set an X-ray machine
C. put two large computers D. put a huge fan
（ ）32. The phrase “blow away” here in Chinese means “ ”.
A. 停止 B. 吹走 C. 熄灭 D. 逃脱
（ ）33. The article mainly tells us that we shouldin order to succeed.
A. think of different answers to our questions
B. spend much less time on our schoolwork
C. work hard like the engineer and think smart like the worker
D. spend enough money repairing the machine for any problem
C
Here is a page from a magazine called Future. Read the following information about things that may happen in ten years.
Cars will run on solar power (太阳能) and will be much cleaner. They will be much safer. For example, if you are too close to another car or if you are driving dangerously, your car will slow down or stop by itself.
New cities will have to be built in the sea. Some cities on water will have two levels (层). People will live on the upper level; the lower level will be used for traffic, shops and factories.
Biotechnology (生物技术) will make food better and healthier. Plants without insects or illnesses (病虫害) will be developed. The taste of fruit and vegetables will be better and food will be kept longer.
Many new ways to cure illnesses will be found. People will use products of genetic engineering (基因产品) to cure more illnesses. However, some new illnesses will appear. （ ）34. What will happen in the future according to the passage?
A. The air won’t be much cleaner.
B. Cars will run by itself without a driver.
C. It’ll be much more dangerous to drive a car.
D. There’ll be fewer accidents and less pollution (污染).
（ ）35. Where will new cities have to be built in the future?
A. In the sea.B. In the sky.C. Underground. D. On the land.
（ ）36. What will be made better and healthier by biotechnology?
A. Medicine.B. Toys. C. Food.D. Clothes.
（ ）37. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. Cars in the future. B. Get ready for the future.
C. How to keep food longer? D. Where will people live in the future?
D
Looking forward to the weekend? You are not alone in the world．People in the UK also get excited about the weekend，as it is a time to go out and catch up with family and friends．
Saturday morning is sports time! For boys，football is the usual choice，while girls often go to dance or fitness（健康） classes．On Saturday afternoon，the shopping malls get busy．Young people hang out，looking at clothes，music or video games．Older people like to shop on Saturday too and will take a trip to the supermarket if they need
something for their house．Saturday night is the time people show off their new clothes．It's common for people to get dressed up and go out．Some people go out for dinner，to all kinds of restaurants-Italian, Indian or Chinese．
It is traditional on Sunday to go to church．A lot of places close on Sunday because of strict hours set by the government．Most people have a family day．
Sunday lunch is a big ，with roast（烤）beef, roast potatoes and vegetables．This often leads to a quiet night in, since everyone is very full from lunch．By Sunday night people wish they could have the weekend again．
（ ）38. People in the UK like to go to the shopping malls______．
A．every day B．on Saturday
C．on Sunday D．on Saturday and Sunday．
（ ）39. In this passage，the word "occasion" means______
A．时刻 B．机会 C．地方 D．场合
（ ）40. The best title for this passage would be _______．
A．UK weekends B．Weekends are funny
C．We like our weekendD．Enjoy your weekend
篇二：初四英语
1. 过去经常做某事 45.把…清理干净 2. 习惯做某事46.上课迟到（2种） 3. 等一会儿（3种） 47.通过考试 4. 留直发 48.考试不及格
5. 留卷发 49.进行考试（2种）
6. 乘飞机飞行（2种） 50.不久前一天（用于过去时） 7. 害怕… 51.穿制服
8. 开着灯睡觉52.（更）全神贯注于…
9. 关着灯睡觉53.设计我们自己的校服（2种） 10. 开着门睡觉 11. 关着门睡觉 12. 花大量的时间玩游戏 13. 不在（4种）14. 怀念过去的日子15. 在近几年里？ 16. 在过去几年里 17. 使某人压力过大18. 一个15岁的男孩（2种） 19. 做某事负担得起20. 给某人付学费 21. 尽可能好的照顾某人（2种） 22. 惹麻烦 23. 对…感兴趣（2种）24. 陷入困境25. 对…有耐心 26. 最后（2种）27. 做了一个（艰难的）决定 28. 做了一个（最后的）决定 29. 送某人去上寄宿学校 30. 令某人（很）吃惊的是31. 即使（2种）32. 以…为骄傲（2种）33. （更）注意… 34. 放弃（做）某人35. 改变某人的想法36. 允许某人做某事37. 被允许做某事 38. 穿耳朵 39. 驾驶执照40. 足够认真41. 足够冷静42. 理发 43. 代言 44. 熬夜 54.成群的 55.两两地
56.有做某事的机会（2种）
57.对某人来说是一次很好的经历 58.一所养老院
59.花费时间做某事（3种） 60.星期五下午休息 61.回答…（2种） 62.同意某人的意见 63.不同意某人的意见 64.挡道
65.校田径队的一员 66.实现某人的梦想
67.自己做决定（2种） 68.对…严肃 69.对…认真 70.关心
71.遵守交通规侧 72.违反交通规侧
73.令人害怕的（adj.） 74.感到恐惧的（adj.）
75.聊天（v.） （现在分词） 76.每日的（n.）（adj.） 77.死亡（v.）（adj.）（n.） 78.快要死的（v.）
79.精确的（adv.）(adj.) 80.愚蠢的（同义词）（三种） 81.专注力（v.）（n.） 82.设计者（v.）(n.) 83.有经验的（n.）(adj.) 84.回答（pt.）(pp.) 85.睡觉（adj.） 86.成就（n.）（v.） 87.打破（v.）
88.机会（同义词）（两种）
篇三：初四英语
初四英语期末考试题
一 .单项选择 （20 分） （ ）1. I’ll _______ .
A. give it to him B. give him it C. give him to it
() 2. That should help you ______ .
A. relax B. relaxing C. relaxed () 3. They are 30 ______people in our city.
A. millions B. million ofC. millions of () 4. If it were Sunday today, I____ go to school.
A. shan’tB. would notC. won’t
() 5. He would rather ____ at home than _____ to the park with Jenny.
A. stay, go B. to stay , to go C. staying ,going () 6. The Whites invited us ____ dinner last weekend.
A. to have B. havingC. have () 7. His handing is better than______.
A.
myB. meC. mine
() 8. I’m very busy. I have _____ homework to do.
A .too manyB. much tooC. too much
() 9. I think it must be a dog , but he thinks it ___be a dog.A .must B .mustn’t C. can’t
() 10. They don’t find ______ .
A. strange anythingB. anything strange C. something strange () 11. I like the music that I can sing _____ .
A. along an B. along with C. with
() 12. He is ______ of the boxing movie.
A. tireB. tired C. tires
() 13. Would you like ______ at noon ?
A. to eat something B. anything to eatC. something to eat
( ）14. We hope _____the game.
A. him to winB. he to win C. he can win
( ) 15. Our cows _____ us ____ milk and beef.
A. provide ; withB. provide ; for C. offer ; at
()16 Not only the boys but also the teacher _____ hard.
A Work B Works C have worked ()17. —There is a lot of wind in North China.
—Well, more trees _____ every year to stop the wind.
A. must be planted B. can planted C. should planted ()18. —Would you like to visit Shantou City with me this summer vacation?
—No, thanks. I ____ it before. Besides, it's hot and humid there in
summer.
A. have visited B. visitedC. will visit ()19. You are not supposed to your hands in the USA. A . eating with B .eatC. eat with
()20.---- Could you tell me _____?
---- Yes, There is a video shop next to the tall building.
A. what I can buy some CDs . B. where I can buy some CDs C. where can I buy some CDs
二、 补全对话 （15分）
（ A ）5’
A : Good morning , madam. B ：( 1) ____________
A : You look worried . What’s wrong with you?
B : My daughter got lost when I did shopping in the market this morning. I’ve
looked for her everywhere in the market , but I can’t find her . What shall I do ?
A : ( 2 ) ______ Tell us something about her .We can help you . B : Thank you , sir .
A : Now please tell me how old she is ? B : She’s five years old. A : ( 3)_______
B : She’s kind of heavy ,and she has a round face and long curly hair . A : What color dress is she wearing today ? B : (4 ) ————
A : What’s your telephone number ? B : It’s 9256480 .
A : Ok .we’ll start to look for her right away . We’ll call you as soon as we find her.
B ；（5）______
( B)10’
用适当的句子完成对话
（ Lin Tao is going to school to take the last exam . He meets one of his
neighbours ）
A :Hi , Lin Tao ! Did you see the football match of the World Cup last night ? B :___________________________ I was busy with my test . A :What a pity ! It was really wonderful . B : Really ? ____________________A : Germany and Ecuador (厄瓜多尔) B : Germany won the match , didn’t they ？
A : _________________________ ( But) I love the German Team very much. B : I love the team , too. I hope Germany can go far .
Oh , my god! It’s a little late . A: ___________________________. B :Yes. I will take the last exam this afternoon. A :_____________________________. B :Thank you. See you. A :See you.
三、完形填空（15’）
My uncle John used to lived in a beautiful little house by the sea in Atlantic（大西洋） City. I say he “used to ” live there 1____ he doesn’t live there any more. He was killed two years ago.
Uncle John wrote novels（小说）. He not only 2____ his job, but also made a lot of money doing it. When he died, he had $ 60 million in the bank.
After Uncle John’s death（死）, I came to stay in his house for a while, I had been there for two days when I 3_____ a message on the screen（屏幕） of the old computer. I was very surprised, because I thought the computer had been _4___. The message said,” You have new 5____!”When I read it, I thought it looked like the 6___of a novel. “This looks interesting,” I thought. “It must be 7___one of Uncle John’s friends.” I decided I should make an answer to the e-mail to tell him or her that Uncle John was 8____. However, the computer would not let me 9___. Every day for the next three weeks, more e-mails kept arriving. I printed _10__ of all of them. The story was about Jane Winterbourne, a young writer working on her first novel. She sent her novel to Jack Tanner, an old writer and asked him to _11___ her to publish（打印） it. However, he cheated（欺骗） her, and published the novel himself --- pretending（假装） that he had 12____ it. The novel was very _13__．Tanner made a lot of money ,and bought himself a _14___ house by the sea in Atlantic City. It was then that I realized （意识到）that ”Jack” was 15___ to be Uncle John.
1. ()A. so B. because C. though 2. ()A. lost B. finished C. enjoyed
3. ()A. sentB. noticed C. read4. ()A. broken down B. turned offC. sold out5. ()A. informationB. post C. mail 6. ()A. picture B. storyC . beginning 7. ()A. like B. aboutC. from8. ()A. deadB. sick C. out 9. () A. play B. replyC. watch 10. ()A. copies B. pieces C. parts11. ()A. teach B. help C. show 12. ()A. missed B. corrected C. written 13. ()A. new B. expensive C. successful 14. ()A. false B. true C. beautiful 15. ()A. pointed B. spelt C. meant
四、阅读理解(55分)
（A）5’
Bill and Fred were students and they were friends. They didn’t have much money, so when it was time for their summer holidays, Bill said, “Let’s take our holidays in a trailer （旅行车）．It’s cheaper than a hotel. I can borrow my father’s trailer. ” Fred was very happy, so they got into the trailer and began their holidays. They wanted to get up early the next day to go fishing, but they didn’t have an alarm clock.
“That’s all right, Bill, ” said Fred. “I’ll put these small pieces of bread on the roof of the trailer tonight and they’ll wake us up in the morning. ” Bill was very surprised, but he didn’t say anything.
Fred was right. As soon as it began to get light, small birds came down to eat the bread and their noise on the roof of the trailer woke Bill and Fred up quickly. 判断下列各句是否符合短文内容（在括号内画T或F） ( ).1.Bill and Fred wanted to stay together during their holidays.
( )2．They had no room, so Bill’s father lent his to them.
( )3．They didn’t get up early the next morning because they didn’t have an alarm
clock.
( )4．Fred found a way to wake them up in the morning. ( )5．Fred bought some small birds to wake them up.
(B)10’
根据下面的描述，从A—F 中选择最佳答案
（C）10’
Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer. One day, Mr Green’s dentist had just pulled out one of his teeth and told him to rest for a while. He tried to say something, but his mouth was full of cotton (棉花). The dentist knew Mr Green liked collecting birds’ eggs, and asked him whether（是否） his collection was growing. He then asked him how his brother was and whether he liked his new job. To answer these questions, Mr Green either（或者） nodded（点头） or（或者） made strange noises. Meanwhile（同时）, Mr Green’s tongue（舌头） was busy searching out（搜寻） the hole （洞）where the tooth had been. He suddenly felt very worried, but couldn’t say anything. When the dentist at last removed（移走）the cotton from Mr Green’s mouth, he was able to tell the dentist that he had pulled out the wrong tooth.
根据短文内容， 选择最佳答案。
( ) 1、 The dentist in the story had pulled out _____of Mr Green’s teeth.
A、 four B. three C. two D. one
（） 2、 Mr Green could answer the questions, couldn’t he?
A. Yes, he could. B. No, he could. C. No, he couldn’t. D. Yes, he couldn’t.
（） 3 、Mr Green’s mouth was full of（充满）____. A、water B. cotton C. teeth D. tongues （） 4、____ liked collecting birds’ eggs.
A. The dentist B. Mr Green
C、The dentist’s brother D 、 Mr Green’s brother （） 5 、Mr Green found ____ at last.
A 、a good tooth was pulled out B、 what the dentist did was right C 、the cotton was still in his mouth D 、his teeth were treated ( 对待) well
(D)10’
John: Why is Bob absent（缺席） from school today? Bill: He is in bed at home with a broken leg. John: That’s too bad . What happened?
Bill: A car ran through a red light and hit him while he was on his way home
after school yesterday.
John: I’m sure it was the driver’s mistake.
Bill: It certainly was. Many drivers drive carelessly（粗心） so there are a lot of
accidents（事故）.
John: But there are also many cars today, and they seem to run faster and faster
（越来越快）.
Bill: In fact, smoother（更平坦） and wider （更宽广）roads only bring about
more dangers.
John: That’s true. We can’t travel fast and safely if we don’t obey（遵守） the
traffic rules.
根据对话内容选择最佳答案 () 1、Why didn’t Bob go to school?
A. He liked to lie in bed.B. He wanted to stay home. C. He couldn’t walk.D. He liked to drive on wide roads.
() 2、What caused Bob’s trouble?
A. His absence from school.B. His going home after school. C. Too many traffic rules. D. The driver’s careless driving.
() 3、What was the driver’s mistake?
A. He drove carefully on his way home. B. He didn’t obey the traffic rules.
C. He drove on smooth and wide roads. D. He had to look out for other cars.
（ ）4、Why do smoother and wider roads bring about more dangers?
A. Because there are more and more cars. B. Because people get broken legs easily. C. Because there are more new traffic rules. D. Because there are many cars and people drive fast.
（ ）5、Traffic accidents happen easily because ____.
A. people are fond of (喜欢) traveling long distance
B. better roads today bring about more cars’ fast speed drivingC. few drivers know something about the traffic rules
(E) 10’
Robert is fifteen now. Two and a half years ago he came to the city and began to study in a middle school. He studies hard and gets on well with his classmates. And he often helps his friends with their lessons. But as he comes from a village, the headmaster who was born in a rich family is bad to him and does his best to make excuses to punish him. The boy knows it and takes precautions against(提防) it.
One afternoon all the students went to have lunch and he bought a piece of bread. He was reading a book under a big tree, while a dog was standing near him. At that moment the headmaster came out and saw it. He became angry and said, “Don’t you know we don’t let anybody rear (饲养) dogs in the school?”“Yes, I do, sir. ”said the boy.
“Why have you brought your dog to school, then?”“It isn’t my dog. ”
“Why is it following you, then?”
“You’re following me now, sir. ” said the boy, “Can you say you are mine?”
请根据以上短文在改写后短文的空白处填入适当的词，使其完整。
Robert is fifteen. He is in Grade _______(1) now. He studies hard and his classmates are _______(2) to him. And he often helps his friends to _______(3) their lessons. But as he was _______(4) in a farmer family, the headmaster from a _______(5) family is bad to him and does_______(6) he can to punish him. One day in the _______(7), all the students went _______(8) lunch and he bought a piece of bread, reading a book under a tree. At the moment a dog was standing near him. _______(9) the headmaster saw this, he wanted to_______(10) him. But he failed that day again.
（ F）10’
In May ,1976, Gaynor was a nine---year--old girl and lived in North Wales. One day ,on her way home from school , she saw a silver object (物体) in a field not far from her home. The object looked like a saucer. ( 茶杯托 )
Gaynor was very scared 。She stayed in the tall grass and watched the door of the strange object open . She saw two aliens wearing silver suits get out . Then they used something to examine the ground .They were short and had pink eyes. After about thirty minutes , the two aliens went back into the object. Then it took off . .When Gaynor got home , she told her mother about this unusual experience .but her family decided to keep quiet about it .They didn’t want others to laugh at their daughter .
However , 18 months later , Gaynor told her story to UF O scientists. They found out that Gaynor told the truth.
根据短文回答问题
1.What did Gaynor see when the door of the UFO opened ?
___________________________________________________________ 2. Where did Gaynor see the UFO ?
___________________________________________________________
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