摘要翻译

篇一：如何翻译论文标题、摘要

如何翻译论文标题、摘要

题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成

例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山常见苔藓植物)；

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat-treated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。 短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。

题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。

例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。

标题的翻译

论文的 “眼睛”: 主题和中心内容

准确,简明扼要,生动醒目,用词质朴

英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成

浅析篮球基本功

A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball

基因疗法 Gene Therapy

英汉翻译中的信息转换 Information Shift in English-Chinese Translation

短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。

电子管收音机和晶体管收音机的优缺点

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vacuum Tube Radios and Transistor Radios

美国高校学生事物发展的最新趋势极其启示

Current Trends of Students Affairs Development in American Universities and Their Implications

体育赛事观众管理的现状与对策研究

The Status and Strategic Research of Sport Events Spectators

我国退役运动员社会保障体系的现状、问题及对策

Present Situation, Problems and Counter-measure of the Social Security System for Our Retired Athletes

常见模式

对?的研究\探讨\探索\分析\综述\述评

(A \The) research on?..\

The exploration of..

A study of?

An analysis of?.

A brief review of?

A commentary on?

国内外外语课堂互动研究

A review of the research on foreign language classroom interaction at home and abroad

外语学习主体多元化评价的效应研究

A Study of the Effects of Multi-valuator Evaluation on Foreign Language learning

美国大学生职业生涯规划服务质量研究

Research on the Quality of American College Students Career Services

On the Quality of American College Students Career Services

试论比较教育中的实地调查

On the “Field Work” in Comparative Education Research

大阪大学通识教育实践模式研究

On Practice Mode of General Education at Osaka University

教学行为研究在阅读教学中的作用

Action Research in the Teaching of Reading

俄罗斯社会转型时期流浪儿童成长问题探析

An Analysis of the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia

On the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia

On Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia

动宾型标题: 译成动名词短语

浅析国内英语测试研究现状

Analyzing English Test Research in Our Country

谈 “红色勋章”中的印象主义和自然主义

Talking on the Impressionism and Naturalism

In the Red Bandage of Courage

利用波浪能量淡化海水

Utilizing Wave Energy for Seawater Desalting

探讨大学英语教材中的语用问题

Exploring Pragmatic Knowledge in College English Textbook

陈述句标题: 译成句子或短语

从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学

World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading

疑问句标题: 疑问词+不定式,句子

比较教育,研究什么?

Comparative Education Research: What to Study?

浅谈加强青少年传球技术的训练方法

shallow to talk strengthening a teenager spreads the ball technical training method

Strengthening Teenagers’ Spreading Skill

足球运动中的心理训练

The player's psychological training of soccer

Psychological Training in Soccer

足球运动对中学生余暇体育的特殊影响

Football movement to middle-school student -odd free time sports special influence

Football’ Impact on High School Students’ Leisure-time Sports

浅析篮球基本功

A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball sport

Basic skills in basketball

浅析如何提高抢篮板球技术

Discussion on How to Improve Rebound Technology

国际标准组织规定, 论文标题一般不要超过15个英文单词, 美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；美国国立癌症研究所杂志J Nat Cancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。

总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好

中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应:

从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学

World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading

与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。

凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality．其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。

题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。

1. 全部字母大写。例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE

2. 每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects

3. 题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities．

目前2.格式用得最多，而3.格式的使用有增多的趋势。

题名中的缩略词语。已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。 WTO, FIFA,GSU(Guangzhou Sport University)

作者与作者单位的英译

1) 作者:中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。

Hu Hansan,George Bush

2) 单位: 单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。另外，单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法)，切不可另起炉灶。

广州体育学院 Guangzhou Sport University

中山大学 Zhongshan University

Sun Yat-sen University

Guangdong University of Foreign Studies

湖南师范大学 Hunan Normal University

摘要 abstract

要写好科技论文的英文摘要, 首先要写好中文摘要, 再在此基础上译成英文。要按照英语习惯进行翻译, 切不可依照中文摘要的语序逐字逐句地直译。

一般而言, 英文摘要是中文摘要的转译, 所以应按照英文的语言习惯准确地译出中文摘要的内容, 字数没有硬性规定, 但普遍认为150~ 180 个单词为宜。

规范的英文摘要一般包括目的、方法、结果和结论, 总体要求重点突出、表达确切、简明扼要。切忌将中文摘要逐字逐句直译, 或按照中文句式的思维模式来写英文, 否则英文摘要将会显得罗嗦、不流畅, 有时甚至词不达意或成为中式英

文。

摘要 abstract

应该用简洁、明确的语言将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：

1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)

2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)

3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)

4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)

英汉语的思维模式存在差异, 有时甚至大相径庭, 翻译时需注意逻辑思维上的差异, 用英语的思维

方式地道转达内涵, 不可照汉语方式字字对译。

照字面译, 常不合英语习惯, 有时还令人困惑不解。令读者感到头痛,

反之,若按汉语方式照搬, 汉化的英文, 外国同行也势必难以理解, 因此, 翻译时决不可生搬硬套或囿于原文字词的语法和字面意义, 必须改变中文的模式, 才不会出现汉语式英语(Chinglish)。

病人牙痛得历害。

The patient’ s teeth pained seriously. ( 错误)。

The patient had a terrible toothache. (正确)。

1.这是为什么呢?

谷歌版：This is why?

山寨版：This is why what？

学院版：Why is this?

2.走别人的路，让别人无路可走!

谷歌版：Take someone else’s road, to let others no way!

山寨版：Walk other man’s road, allow other man no way can go!

学院版：Follow others’ footprint, leave them no way to go.

3.我也是有身份证的人。

谷歌版：Me too have the ID card people.

山寨版：I also am have body card people.

学院版：I am also somebody with an ID card.

熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律:

1. 主题句: 本文介绍\讨论\详细论述\提出?.

This paper\article describes\ introduces\ discusses\ elaborates\ focuses on\ raises\ proposes?..

?..is studied\ discussed\ presented\ introduced\ proposed\ analyzed\ explained in this article\ paper.

2. 本文的目的是:

The purpose\ object of this article is to explain\ describe\ discuss?..

The primary goal of this research is?

The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of?

A new computer-aided design method is presented (in this paper).

This paper is a brief introduction of the major findings and development in the field of?

2. 发展句:

实例\实验显示\表明\证实:

Examples\ experiments demonstrate\ confirm\ show?

提出\验证\引自?.

?. is given\ verified\ derived from?.

The formula is derived from?

The method is based on?

The test equipment which was used consisted of?

3. 结论句: 结果表明

Results \examples show\ demonstrate\ indicate?

The results?are given\ presented

This concludes that?.

PISA在中国: 教育评价新探索

PISA in China: Exploration in Educational Assessment and Evaluation

本文通过对当前国际上颇具影响力的大规模教育评价项目---- “学生能力国际评价”(PISA)的评价理念和技术的分析,结合教育部考试中心开展PISA2006中国试测研究实践收获的启示,阐述了作者对我国教育评价研究与发展的思考和建议 This article reviews the most prestigious large-scale international education assessment projects----- the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), and discusses what the national Education Examinations Authority has learned from conducting PISA2006 China trial study. Based on the above, this paper describes author’s reflections and suggestions for

improving China education assessment reform.

时态

英文摘要的时态运用也以简练为佳, 常用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时, 进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

一般现在时主要用于陈述性、资料性摘要中,用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨等。 This study (investigation) is conducted, (undertaken)

The result shows (reveals)?，

It is found that?;

The conclusions are?

本文的目的在于突出放疗的重要性。

The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of radiation therapy.

一般过去时

一般过去时主要用于说明某一具体项目的发展情况, 介绍技术研究项目的具体资料, 而且对研究对程中所进行的活动进行描述时也用一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。 分析了89例早期肝癌的治疗结果。

The results of treatment of early liver cancer were analyzed in 89 patients

现在完成时

现在完成时是把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来, 说明研究的发展背景, 介绍已结束的研究项目. 从发病时起, 对病人随访了三年。

The patients have been followed for 3 years since the beginning of their disease.

全疗程未发现中毒反应。

No toxic effects of this total course have been noted.

被动语态

英汉相比, 英语多用被动语态, 在科技英语中被动语态使用得尤其广泛, 翻译摘要时, 往往采用被动语态,

这样可避免提及有关的执行者, 句子的容量增加, 重心后移, 表达更具有英语味, 行文也更显得客观, 使读者的注意力集中在描述的事物、现象或过程上,

而且被动语态在结构上有较大的调节余地, 利于采用必要的修辞手段和突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容, 利于扩展名词短语, 扩大句子的信息量。

儿童比成年人更易罹病, 在学校或团体常可见此病流行。

Children are more often afflicted than adults, and epidemics in schools and institutions are commonly observed

不过, 在某些特殊情况下, 采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更直接有力. 现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。

The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar

比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。

英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper?等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。

例如：To describe?， To study?， To investigate?， To assess?，To determine?，

行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

提高英文摘要的文字效能

1) Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)。

２）strive for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。就目前来看，由于大多数作者在英文写作方面都比较欠缺，因此，由作者所写的英文摘要离要求相距甚远。有的作者写出很长的英文摘要，但文字效能很低，多余的字、句很多；有的作者写的英文摘要很短，但也存在多余的字句。总而言之，就是文字的信息含量少。

几点具体要求:

a) use short sentences （尽量用短句)。

b) 描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的)，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。 c)熟悉英文摘要的常用句型

奥运会篮球比赛是世界最高水平的篮球赛事，2008年北京奥运会美国男子篮球队再次集结了NBA最顶尖的职业选手参赛，以及中国篮坛骄傲--姚明的参赛，使男子篮球比赛成为本届奥运会上最引人注目的赛事。

Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level game in the world. The American men’s basketball team built up by a group of top professional players participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and Ming Yao—the pride of Chinese basketball, his participation, brought the men’s basketball game to the spotlight of this Olympic Games.

Basketball in the Olympic Games are the highest level in the world. The American men’s basketball team participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games with a group of top professional players , including Ming Yao—the pride of Chinese basketball, which constituted the most spectacular part in this Olympic Games.

浅谈篮球比赛中的攻守转换

摘要：篮球比赛中的攻守转换是篮球比赛的重要组成部分，在现代篮球运动中起着越来越重要的作用。因此，运用文献

资料法、专家访谈法和综合分析法对篮球比赛中的攻守转换的几个关键问题进行分析探讨，以期给广大的篮球爱好者提供参考。

关键词：篮球；比赛；攻守转换

On the Change of Basketball Match

Abstract：Change of the game of basketball is an important part of the basketball competition. In modern basketball playing an increasingly important role. Therefore, the method of documentation, expert interviews and comprehensive analysis of the game of basketball and defending the key issues discussed. to provide information to the vast number of basketball fans.

因此，运用文献资料法、专家访谈法和综合分析法对篮球比赛中的攻守转换的几个关键问题进行分析探讨，以期给广大的篮球爱好者提供参考。

Some key issues in transition ( or change-over) of basketball is discussed in this article by means of documentary review, experts interview and comprehensive analysis), to provide reference for basketball fans.

Key words : basketball; competition; change

Students’ work

优秀男子足球守门员年龄、身高、体重的比较研究

摘要：运动数理统计法、资料分析法，对参加2006赛季我国中超足球联赛守门员，2005-2006赛季意大利甲级足球联赛守门员和第17届世界杯前四名队伍守门员的年龄、身高、体重等指标进行比较研究，揭示我国足球守门员的年龄、身高和体重特征，为足球选材、训练提供参考依据。

关键词：足球守门员；年龄；身高；体重

优秀男子足球守门员年龄、身高、体重的比较研究

The Compared Research on Outstanding Man –soccer Goalkeeper’s Age, Height, Weight

运动数理统计法、资料分析法，对参加2006赛季我国中超足球联赛守门员，2005-2006赛季意大利甲级足球联赛守门员和第17届世界杯前四名队伍守门员的年龄、身高、体重等指标进行比较研究，揭示我国足球守门员的年龄、身高和体重特征，为足球选材、训练提供参考依据。

Abstract: Using the mathematical and the material method, to analysis the goalkeeper’s age, height, body weight of our Superior Football League Game in 2006 season and Italy A-grade Football League Game in 2005-2006 season and the first four teams of the 17th session of World Cup and so on. Carry on the study of our soccer–goalkeeper's age, the height and the body weight characteristic to provide the reference for the soccer selection and the training.

Key words: Goalkeepers; Age; Height; Weight

对高校开展五人制足球教学比赛的研究

中文摘要: 调查研究表明:在高校开展五人制足球比赛,不但有利于提高大学生的体育兴趣,推动高校大学生的全民健身运动，促进高校大学生健身运动的广泛开展，对缓解高校体育活动场所供需矛盾,而且不允许有任何冲憧和铲断球,可以杜绝或减少运动伤病的发生,是发展学生身体素质的最佳方式。

关键词：高校；五人制足球；教

Research on the Five Teaching Soccer Match in College

Abstract: Research shows that: the five teaching soccer match not only will help improving students interested in sports and promote the college students nationwide fitness campaign to promote college students in a wide range of fitness exercise, to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of college sports venues, but also not allow any conflict , you can eliminate or reduce the incidence of sports injuries, it is the best way to develop physical fitness.

Key words: College; Five Teaching Soccer Match; teach

浅析高科技在足球比赛中的应用

Reflection on high technology using in the soccer game

中文摘要：高科技在现代足球比赛上的应用越来越多，特别是在2006年德国世界杯新技术手段和成果应用更加广泛，进一步体现现代足球发展方向和特点。

Abstract: More and more high technology was used in the modern soccer game. Especially, many methods and fruit of new technology was used in the FIFA world of Germany in 2006, in this way, to advance to show the development trends and the characters of modern soccer.

key: modern soccer, high technology, use, the FIFA world of Germany in 2006

关键词：现代足球 ，高科技 ，应用,2006年德国世界杯

篇二：英文摘要翻译

2011硕士四教D1班 学号：21100777 专业：药物化学

摘要一

文章来源：CANCER（Cancer CytoPath-ology）,June15,2004/Volume

100/Number12,Pages 2491-2499;2010SCI影响因子：5.131

Dietmar W. Siemann, Ph.D. David J. Chaplin, Michael R. Horsman, Ph.D., D.M.S Ph.D .Supported by the cancer Institute (Public Health Service Grants CA84408 and CA89655)and the Danish Cancer Society.

Vascular-Targeting Therapies for Treatment of Malignant Disease

血管靶向疗法治疗恶性瘤

ABSTRACT摘要

Background: Tumor endothelium represents a valuable target for cancer therapy. The vasculature plays a critical role in the survival and continued growth of solid tumor masses; in addition, the inherent differences between tumor blood vessels and blood vessels associated with normal tissue make the tumor vasculature a unique target on which to base the design of novel therapeutics, which may allow highly selective treatment of malignant disease. Therapeutic strategies that target and disrupt the already formed vessel networks of growing tumors are actively being pursued. The goal of these approaches is to induce a rapid and catastrophic shutdown of the vascular function of the tumor so that blood flow is arrested and tumor cell death due to the resulting oxygen and nutrient deprivation and buildup of waste products occurs. 背景：肿瘤的内皮细胞在癌症治疗中是一个非常重要的靶位。其脉管分布对实体肿瘤的生存和持续增长至关重要;此外,肿瘤血管和正常组织血管的内在差异使得肿瘤脉管系统成为一个独特的靶位，并可以此为基础来设计高选择性的新型恶性瘤的治疗方法。靶向阻断肿瘤组织已有血管脉络的进一步生长的疗法备受推崇。上述疗法的最终目的是诱导肿瘤血管功能的快速和彻底丧失，从而切断其氧气和营养物质的供应，并导致代谢废物大量累积。

Methods: Biologic approaches and small-molecule drugs that can be used to damage tumor vasculature have been identified. Physiologic, histologic/morphologic, and immunohistochemical assessments have demonstrated that profound disruption of the tumor vessel network can be observed minutes to hours after treatment. The small-molecule agents that have made the greatest advances in the clinical setting(5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid [DMXAA], combretastatin A4 disodium phosphate [CA4DP], and ZD6126) are the focus of the current review. 方法：生物方法和小分子药物已经证明可以用来破坏肿瘤血管。生理学、组织学（形态学）和免疫学评估表明治疗后数分钟至数小时，肿瘤血管网络被完全破坏。小分子药物(如5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid [DMXAA], combretastatin A4 disodium phosphate [CA4DP], and ZD6126)在临床应用上的进展已成为现在的研究焦点。

Results: Loss of patent blood vessels, decreased tumor blood flow, extensive necrosis, and secondary ischemia-induced tumor cell death have been well documented in a variety of preclinical tumor models treated with agents such as DMXAA, CA4DP, and ZD6126. The use of such agents in conjunction with irradiation and other chemotherapeutic agents has led to improved treatment outcomes.

结果：在临床前期肿瘤模型中用DMXAA, CA4DP, 和 ZD6126等药物治疗后发现，其肿瘤血管被破坏，血流量减少，出现广泛坏死，局部缺血致使肿瘤细胞死亡。这类药物与放疗以及其他化疗药物联用可增强治疗效果。

Conclusions: The targeting of tumors’ supportive blood vessel networks could lead to improvements in cancer cure rates. It is likely that this approach will prove to be most efficacious when used in concert with conventional treatment strategies.

结论：以维持肿瘤生长的血管网络系统为靶点可提高癌症治愈率，该方法与传统的疗法相结合可能是最有效的。

摘要二

文章来源：Clinical Oncology, (2005) 17: 277–290;2010SCI影响因子：2.293 Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, North-

wood, Middlesex, UK

Vascular Disrupting Agents: A New Class of Drug in Cancer Therapy

肿瘤血管生长抑制剂：一种新型癌症治疗方法

ABSTRACT摘要

Aims: To provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of development of a novel class of anti-cancer drugs, the vascular Disrupting agents (VDAs), previously known as vascular targeting agents (VTAs).

目的：为当前新型抗癌药物做一个全面的综述，肿瘤血管生长抑制剂（VDAS）曾被称为肿瘤血管靶向药物（VTAs）

Materials and methods: A comprehensive review, analysis and commentary of the published medical literature on VDAs was performed

材料与方法：全面概述，分析和评估与VDAs有关的已发表医学文献。

Results: Tumour vascular targeting therapy exploits known differences between normal and tumour blood vessels. VDAs target the preexisting vessels of tumours (cf anti-angiogenics), and cause vascular shutdown leading to tumour cell death and rapid haemorrhagic necrosis within hours. It is becoming clear that VDAs have overlapping activity with anti-angiogenic drugs, which prevent the formation of new blood vessels. There are two types of VDA. First, biological or ligand-directed VDAs use antibodies, peptides or growth factors to target toxins or procoagulants to the tumour endothelium. In contrast, small molecule VDAs work either as tubulin-binding agents or through induction of local cytokine production. VDAs can kill tumour cells resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and work best on cells in the poorly perfused hypoxic core of tumours, leaving a viable rim of well-perfused tumour tissue at the periphery, which rapidly regrows. Consequently, responses of tumours to VDAs

given as single agents have been poor; however, combination therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, externalbeam radiotherapy, and radioimmunotherapy, which target the peripheral tumour cells, has produced some excellent responses in animal tumours. VDAs are generally well tolerated with different side-effect profiles to current oncological therapies. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging is most frequently used to obtain a pharmacodynamic end point to determine whether the VDA is acting on its intended target.

结果：肿瘤血管靶向治疗利是用正常血管和肿瘤血管已知的差异性。VDAs以已存在的肿瘤血管（不同于抗血管新生）为靶标，致使其血管衰竭从而导致肿瘤细胞死亡并且在数小时内很快出现失血性坏疽。VDAs与抗血管新生药物的共同点是二者均阻遏新生血管的形成。肿瘤血管破坏剂分为两类。首先，生物学或配体靶向VDAs用抗体、多肽或者生长因子靶向定位与肿瘤内皮后产生毒性和促凝血作用。与此相反，小分子VDAs既可以微管蛋白粘合剂的形式起作用也可以诱导局部细胞因子的产生。VDAs可以杀死对传统化疗和放疗耐药的肿瘤细胞，对于缺氧性核心肿瘤细胞效果更好，它可在肿瘤组织外围产生一个灌注圈（而该处肿瘤细胞可快速增生）。因此单一的给予VDAs效果较差，但是，与细胞毒素化学疗法、外粒子束放射疗法和放射免疫治疗联用后对对动物肿瘤效果较好，而这几类疗法均以外围肿瘤细胞为靶标的。与当前的肿瘤治疗的各种副作用相比，VDAs的耐受性一般较好。动态的核磁共振成像常用于获取其药效学终点以确定VDA是否到达预定的靶位。

Conclusions: VDAs are a promising new class of drug, which offer the attractive possibility of inducing responses in all tumour types with combination therapy.

结论：VDA是一个非常有发展前景的新型抗癌药物，引人关注的是，其在联合治疗中可能对所有肿瘤均有诱导作用。

篇三：摘要及翻译

摘要

本设计是平原微丘区一级公路的方案设计。地形起伏较大，设计车速为100km/h。通过调查研究和分析讨论，掌握所设计课题的有关结构构造、使用功能及质量要求。设计分为六部分，第一步是路线方案设计，第一步是公路路线设计，通过两个方案的比选来确定最佳路线；第二步是路线设计，其中包括:平面设计、纵断面设计、横断面设计;第三步是公路路基设计，包括:路基设计和重力式档土墙设计;第四步是沥青混凝土路面设计；第五步是排水系统设计，其中包括路基排水和路面排水设计。第六步是是施工组织设计，包括:技术方案设计，施工进度设计，工料机调配表.。相关的表格、图纸附后。

关键字:公路设计，路基设计，路面设计，施工组织设计，

Abstract

This design is a project design of a proper highway in plain. the hypsography is series, so the design speed is 100km/h.Through research and analysis discussion, grasp the relevant knowledge of designtopics .The design includes six parts , The first one is route program design, the better route is determined through comparing of two program in the design. The second one is an highway route design, which include: Flat surface design, verticalsection design, cross section design. The third is a highway roadbed design, include: Roadbed design, gravity and retaining wall design. The fourth is pavement design which is asphalt concrete pavement.. The fifth drainage program design, includes: roadbed drainage and pavement drainage. The sixth is working organization design , which include technical formula design ,working flow diagram design , and so on . Related to the drawings, forms attached.

Keywords: expressway design, roadbed design, pavement design , working organization

扬宜一级公路A标段施工图设计

[摘要]：本设计是平原微丘区扬宜一级公路A标段的方案设计。通过调查研究和分析讨论，掌握所设计课题的有关结构构造、使用功能及质量要求。第一步是公路路线设计，其中包括：平面设计、纵断面设计、横断面设计；第二步是公路路基设计，包括：路基稳定性设计、重力式挡土墙和加筋式挡土墙设计；第三步是路面设计，包括：刚性路面和柔性路面设计；第四步是是施工组织设计，包括：技术方案设计，施工进度设计，工料机调配表；第五步是概预算设计，求出工程总造价，同时也给出了与各部分内容相关的表格与图纸；最后，利用专业软件进行电算优化。

[关键字]：公路设计， 路面设计，施工组织，概（预）算

[Abstract]：This design is a project design of a proper highway of A of YANGYI in plain. Through research and analysis discussion， grasp the relevant knowledge of design topics .The first one is a highway route design, which include:Flat surface design, vertical section design, cross section design.The second is a highway roadbed design, include:Roadbed stability design gravity retaining wall design and reinforced earth retaining wall design.The third is pavement design, include:The rigid pavement and the flexible pavement.The fourth is working organizition design ,which include technical formula design ,working flow diagram design , and so on . The fifth is the budget and estimating of the design, and get the lump sum, while budget is done by CAD. At the same time, it present the reletive table and working drawing. Finally, optimize the design with the specialized software.

[Keywords]: expressway design，pavement design，working organizition， estimating (budget)

摘要

为了巩固我们所学的知识，并在各方面得到更进一步的提高，我们选择了重庆某地区新建二级公路设计作为毕业设计，这是在毕业之前对自身学习状况的最后一次检查。

我所选择的设计路段是从K0+000至K2+212.567段，全长2212.567米，设

计车速60km/h,路基宽度为10m。

此次毕业设计主要包括的内容如下：

1、路线设计：在已知平面图的情况下，进行纵断面的设计，要求线路顺

畅、填挖平衡、经济合理。

2、路基设计：包括各个桩号的填挖计算、填挖较大地段的稳定分析、整个

线路的土石调运借配等。

3、路面设计：路基在不同干湿状态下，所设计的沥青路面和水泥混凝土路

面方案的比选，要求经济合理，便于施工并满足各设计规范要求。

4、路基、路面排水工程；高填挖地段的防护工程以及路基加固工程：这一

部分相当重要，对于路基排水，采用了边沟、截水沟、急流槽等排水设

施；对于路面排水，除了对路面进行了路拱设计，还进行中央分隔带的

排水设计；对于特殊路段的防护和加固主要采用了骨架内植草和挡土

墙。

5、桥涵设计：包括桥梁和涵洞的形式、尺寸的设计。

6、英文翻译

7、专题研究：对此行业新观点或者新技术的综述。

关键词：路线；路基路面；桥涵；综合设计

Abstract

The design is very important to us. Not only because this is our last assignment before graduation, but also it can enhance our ability.

In this design, our task is to design an secondary road. The road, which is 2212.567 m from K0+000 to K2+212.567. The design speed is 60km/h and the wide of the subgrade is 10m.

Our prime contents of the design project includes:

(1) Make sure the vertical section in condition on the landform which is known.

(2) The design of the subgrade, and the work involves a lot of items: analyze the

stability of brae; the fill or dig height of every peg and so on.

(3) The design of pavement, and this contents that the select of the construction

about concrete and asphalt pavement in different case.

(4) The design of the drainage project, protective project, subgrade reinforced

project, and these are very important to the whole work.

(5) The design of the bridge and culverts which include size and form.

(6) Translate an English article into Chinese.

(7) Investigate the monograph which about a new technique or a new viewpoint in

this field.

Keywords：way roadbed road surface bridge culvert

摘 要

本设计根据给定的资料，通过对原始数据的分析,根据该路段的地质、地形、地物、水文等自然条件,依据《公路工程技术标准》 、《公路路线设计规范》等交通部颁发的相关技术指标,在老师的指导和同学的帮助下完成的。

设计内业详细资料有：路线设计，包括纸上定线（山岭区或越岭线）、绘制路线平面图、路线纵断面设计）；路基设计，完成两公里横断面和路基土石方的计算及路基排水设计；路面设计，水泥混凝土路面设计；小桥涵设计，完成一项涵洞设计；路线交叉设计，完成一项路线平面交叉；设计概算编制，完成全线设计路段的初步设计概算；应用计算机绘制工程图，按老师指导和要求完成。

整个设计计算了路线的平、纵、横要素,设计了路基、路面、平面交叉、小桥涵的尺寸等内容,由此圆满完成了北翠公路青年农场至前进段两阶段初步设计。

关键词：路线，路基,路面,涵洞，平面交叉，概算

ABSTRACT

Data that this design according to give to settle to complition, complete the Threexin forest of Mulin to lianhe highway station segment (1) first design station segment (2) the relevant technique index sign for kind, geography for second class highway route, from this design learning a lot of knowledge concerning highways, passing analysis primitive dataing, according to the road's segment, characteristics of term nature, such as, ground thing, and hydrology etc., Basis highway engineering technique standard , highway route designing the normal waiting the transport, and complete to design under the help that the teacher's leading is with the classmate of constitute the circumstance,

The design inside of stage first steps include: Route design,The paper up settles the lines( mountain range area, or more mountain range line),Draw the route plane chart, Proceed route vertical section of design;Roadbed design, Complete two kilometer cross sections are with the roadbed the calculation of square ground and roadbed drain the design;Road design, Cement concrete road design;Small bridge culvert design, Complete the design of a culvert;The route crosses the design, Complete a route flat surface to cross; Design budgetary estimate establishment: Completes the entire line todesign the road section the preliminary design budgetary estimate;The application calculator draws the engineering diagram, Complete under the teacher's leading request.

we compute the route even, vertical , horizontal main factor, designed the flat surface to designtheroadbed,roadthesizefor, small bridge culvert, fromhere,successfully completed Qingnian to Qianjin of the Beicui highway in section two stages preliminary designs.

Key words: Route, roadbed, road, culvert，Route cross，Budgetary estimate

扬宜一级公路D标段施工图设计

[摘要]：本次毕业设计是平原微丘区一级公路方案设计。通过调查研究和分

《摘要翻译》由：免费论文网互联网用户整理提供；
链接地址：http://www.csmayi.cn/show/82992.html
转载请保留,谢谢!

• 上一篇：写给老师的话的作文
• 下一篇：中国最早叙事诗