篇一：科技英语论文
南京航空航天大学
EST论文
题 目 科技英语翻译之增补法
科技英语翻译之增补法
摘要
增补是科技英语翻译中为确保译文的规范、明确、地道而经常使用的方法。
在翻译科技英语文献时，经常会遇到照字面直译无法保证汉语译文的通顺、明晰，
有时就需要增添补充必要的词语。通常按照目标与的行文表达习惯，采取“增补”、
“重复”、“一词多译”的方式。
关键词：增添、重复、一词多译
Abstract
Supplement is the translation of EST translation norms, to ensure clear,
authentic and frequently used method. In the translation of English for science
and technology literature, often encounter literally literal translation can not
guarantee the Chinese translation of the fluent, clear, sometimes need to add
supplement necessary words. Usually according to writing goal and the habit
of expression, adopt a "supplement", "repeat", "one word more translation"
mode
Key words:supplement、repeat、one word more translation
目 录
摘 要......................................................................2
第一章 为补足原文词汇含义而增补............................................4
1.1 对抽象名词进行增补......................................................4
1.2 对普通名词进行增补......................................................4
1.3 对形容词及名词定语进行增补..............................................5
1.4 对动词进行增补..........................................................5
第二章 为明确原文语法概念而增补............................................6
2.1 增补表示复数概念的词语..................................................6
2.2 增补表示动词时态、语态、语气的词语......................................6
2.3 增补连词................................................................6
2.4 增补原文省略的成分......................................................7
第三章 为满足汉语语法修辞的要求而增补......................................8
3.1 增补句子成分............................................................8
3.2 增补概括词..............................................................8
3.3 重复增补................................................................9
3.4 修辞增补................................................................9
第四章 总结与展望.........................................................10
第一章 为补足原文词汇含义而增补
1.1 对抽象名词进行增补
英语中讲究简洁、忌讳重复，因而常常单独使用抽象名词而不提该名词所涉及的范畴领域，如作用、现象、状态、形式等，若翻译时不做任何增补，经常会使人感到概念不清，所指不明。因此在科技英语翻译中经常需结合名词的内在含义增补上述表示范畴的词语，使其意义具体化。
Example:
Observation 观察结果
Reduction还原反应/作用/过程
Resonance共振现象
Example:
In rapid oxidation aflame is produced.
在快速氧化过程中会产生火焰。（在抽象名词“氧化”后增补“过程”
使所指更加明确）
同样，为了追求简洁，在上下文已有所指的情况下，常只使用范畴词而在其前省略去具体所指的定语。翻译时也应对起进行增补，将其具体所指进行明确化。 Example:
The complex automatic control system monitors over the process by means of computers.
综合自动控制系统能利用计算机监控整个操作过程。（“过程”前增补
“操作”使其具体所指所指更加明确）
1.2 对普通名词进行增补
指在普通名词后添加相应的名词，以明确其范畴意义。
Example:
The arrows in the leads identify the materials.
引线的箭头标记着材料类型。（对“材料”增补“类型”）
有时需要在某些名词前面添加必要的词语。
Example:
Prior to the 1960s knowledge of the atmosphere above about 30 km was based largely on inferences from ground-based observations.
在20世纪60年代以前，人们关于30千米左右以上的高空大气知识主要是根据地基观测推断得到的。（“大气知识”前增补“高空”，是所指更加明确）
1.3 对形容词及名词定语进行增补
有时需要对形容词以及用作定语的名词的语义进行必要的增补，以更加明确的标示其所涉及的事物。
Example:
This new type of TV set is really fine and inexpensive.
这台新型电视机真是物美价廉。（在两个形容词前分别增补“物”和“价”） Since conduction is by both holes and electrons,the junction transistor is bipolar.
由于电子传导是借助空穴和电子两者进行的，因而结型晶体管是双极式的。（在作定语的名词“junction”后增添“型”，在作表语的名词“bipolar”后增补“式”，在抽象名词“传导”前增补“电子”，使其所指更加明确）
1.4 对动词进行增补
在科技英语翻译中，经常会对原文的动词进行必要的增补，以使其语义更加确切。
Example:
A pulsed laser system has been tested on a satellite.
已经在人造卫星上对脉冲激光系统进行了实验。（增补“对”字，将宾语提前，并添加动词“进行”，采用“对”字结构可增强针对性） Clearly，cool temperature slows down the action of bacteria.
显然，较低的温度可以使细菌的活动减慢。（对动词增补“使”字，把原文的动宾结构转译成汉语里常用的递系结构）
篇二：科技英语论文
课程
论文（报告、案例分析）
院 系物理与电子工程学院
专 业电子信息工程
班 级1211电工
学生姓名刘慧
学 号2012128040
任课教师 罗倩倩
2014年 12 月 01 日
Liu Hui
Physics and Electronics Engineering College of Hubei University of
Arts and Science
Abstract：The characteristics of Butterworth filter is the pass band frequency response curves of the maximally flat, no ups and downs, and in the resistance band is gradually decreased to zero. First order Butterworth filter attenuation rate of 6 dB per octave doubling every ten to 20 dB. The two order
Butterworth filter attenuation rate of 12 dB per octave, and so on. The amplitude frequency monotone Butterworth filter down the diagonal, and whether the order number is unique, the amplitude frequency curves of the diagonal filter to keep the shape. But the higher the order of the filter, in the stop band attenuation faster.
Key words:Butterworthpassbandfrequency response sampling stopband
1 Requirements
using the impulse response method to design the Butterworth digital low pass filter, passband cutoff frequency 100HZ, the sampling frequency of 1000HZ, the maximum passband attenuation is 0.5HZ, minimum stopband attenuation is 10HZ, the amplitude frequency and phase frequency, draw the corresponding curve. And the assumption of a signal x (T) =sin (2*pi*f1*t) +sin (2*pi*f2*t), wherein f1=50HZ, f2=200HZ. Use this signal to verify the correctness of filter design.
2 design principle
2.1 The basic concept of the digital filter
The so-called digital filter, refers to the input, output the digital signal, through numerical calculation processing relative proportion change of the input signal frequency components contained in, or filter in addition to certain frequency components of digital device or program, therefore, the concept of digital filter and analog filter is same, just form and realize the different filtering methods. Because of the digital filter to achieve filtering through numerical calculation, so the digital filter processing of high accuracy, stability, small volume and light weight, flexible, does not exist the problem of impedance matching, can special filtering function experiment simulation filter cannot achieve. If you want to deal with is the analog signal, through A\DC and D\AC conversion, matching in signal form, can also be filtered analog signal digital filter.
2.2 The working principle of the digital filter
Digital filter is a discrete time system, input x (n) is a time series, the output of Y (n) is a time series. Such as the system function of digital filter for H (Z), the pulse response of H (n), there is the following relationship in time domain;Y (n) =x (n)* H (n)
In the Z domain, the relationship between the input and output:Y (Z) =H (Z) *X (Z).In the formula, X (Z), Y (Z) x (n) respectively for the input and output y (n) Z transform.
Also in the frequency domain, the relationship between the input and output:Y (JW) =X (JW) *H (JW).In the formula, H (JW) for frequency response of digital filter, X (JW) and Y (JW) were x (n) and Y (n) spectrum. W is a digital angular frequency, unit rad. Usually the design of H (JW) in response to certain frequency value is 1, in response to certain frequency bands for 0.X (JW) and H (JW) of the product in the frequency response for 1 of those frequency value is X (JW), which can filter the unhindered by the amplitude of these bands, these bands for the pass band. X (JW) and H (JW) product response to those of 0 frequency value regardless of the X in the frequency band (JW) size is zero, which is not in the amplitude in these bands through the filter, the band called the stopband.
A suitable digital filter system function H (Z) may according to need to input x (n) frequency characteristic, the Y processed signal digital filter after the (n) retention signal x (n) useful frequency component in the removal of unwanted frequency components.
2.3 Butterworth filter design principle
2.3.1 the basic properties
Butterworth filter with the Butterworth function to approximate the system function filter. Butterworth filter is a filter according to the amplitude frequency characteristics has the most flat characteristics defined in the pass band..
The following summarizes the main characteristics of Butterworth filter
A .on all N,.Ha?j??a?j?22??0?1 ?0.70720lgHa2??B. on all N,?c?j?????3dB c
C .
D. Ha?j?is monotone decreasing function. Ha?j?with the increase of order N and more close to the ideal lowpass filter. 2
As shown in Figure 2, we can see that the amplitude frequency characteristic of filter with order N filter increase and become better and better in the cut-off frequency Ωa function at C value is always 1/2, pass band more band area is close to 1; within the stopband more rapidly approaching zero.
Figure 2Butterworth low pass filter amplitude frequency characteristics of the square
2.3.2 the system function
The system function design for Ha Butterworth (s), then:
2.3.3 the design process
Butterworth low pass type relation index filtering technology
Ap>-20log|Ha (J) |,
Ωa < ΩaP As<-20log|Ha (J) |, Ωa > Ωas Of which: ΩP
passband
boundary frequency, Ωa s stopband edge frequency. The type 1.4.1 can be:
After simplification finishing available:
For the smallest integer N type as the order of the filter. Then N into available:
Or
The look-up table to obtain normalized transfer function H (s), make s/ Ωa C instead of normalized prototype filter system function s, to obtain the actual filter transfer function.
2.4 he impulse response method
The so-called impulse response method is the digital filter impulse response sequence H (n) in response to the HA is equal to the analog filter (T) value of the sample, i.e.
H (n) =ha (T) |t=nT=ha (nT)
In the formula, T is the sampling period.
Therefore, digital filter system function H (Z) can be calculated by the formula
H (z) =Z[h (n)]=Z[ha (nT)]
Z[-] said the content of transform transform [-], please refer to the contents of the digital signal processing of the corresponding materials.
If you have already acquired the meet the transfer function of the Ha analog filter performance index (s), the H digital filter transfer function for the corresponding (z) method is the:
(1), for analog filter unit impulse response ha (t).
In the formula, L[Ha (s)] Ha (s) expressed the Laplace. inversion. Laplace transform, please refer to the contents of the integral transform or signal processing teaching of higher mathematics.
(2), for analog filter unit impulse response ha (T) sampling values, namely digital filter impulse response sequence H (n).
(3), rushed to the digital filter (n) response of the Z transform, transfer function H (Z).
By the above method to infer more directly by analog filter system function Ha (s) to calculate the digital filter system function H (z) steps:
(1) the use of the partial fraction expansion of the transfer function of the H analog filter (z) is expanded into
Ha (s) = Rk\ (S-Pk)
In MATLAB this step can be implemented by residue function
If you call the residue function is of the form [b (R, a]=residue, P, K) form.
If [R, P, K]=residue (a, b) is the reverse process of the above call form.
(2) the Pk transform for the digital simulation of pole pole e^pkT to obtain the transfer function of
the digital system
篇三：科技英语论文
河南农业大学
科技英语
论文题目： 电子信息安全技术研究
学 院：理学院
专业班级：11级电子信息科学与技术2班
学 号：1108101033
姓 名： 李丹
日 期： 2014年6 月
成 绩：
任课教师： 郑周宝
电子信息安全技术研究
Electronic and Information Engineering is the information industry and the important foundation for one of the pillars. It circuits and systems, signal and information processing, microwave and electromagnetic field theory, to study various information, such as voice, text, images, radar, remote sensing and other information processing, exchange and wireless, cable, fiber optic cable and other transmission, Based on this study and development of electronic and information systems. Professional training with the electronic technology and information systems knowledge base, be engaged in all kinds of electronic equipment and information systems research, design, manufacture, application and development of high-level engineering talent. May engage in signal processing, transmission, switching and detection technology research and teaching work, electronic equipment and systems development, production and application, electronic technology, computer technology and the application and development of microwave technology, application and development.
电子信息工程是信息产业的重要基础和支柱之一。它以电路与系统、信号与信息处理、电磁场与微波等理论为基础，研究各种信息如语音、文字、图像、雷达、遥感信息等的处理、交换及无线、电缆、光缆等的传输，在此基础上研究和发展各种电子与信息系统。本专业培养具备电子技术和信息系统的基础知识，能从事各类电子设备和信息系统的研究、设计、制造、应用和开发的高等工程技术人才。可从事信号的处理、传输、交换及检测技术的研究与教学工作，电子设备与系统的研制、生产与应用，电子技术及计算机技术应用与开发，微波技术的研究、应用及开发工作。
The enterprise management information system in many business documents in circulation, there is the importance of documents, and some even related to the future development of enterprises, if the information is competition in general network transmission opponent or illegal eavesdropping, tampering or leak, forgery,
development, would be a serious threat to enterprises so, research the security of the electronic information technology small and medium-sized enterprise has important significance.
在企业的管理信息系统中有众多的企业文件在流转，其中肯定有重要性文件，有的甚至涉及到企业的发展前途，如果这些信息在通用过网络传送时被竞争对手或不法分子窃听、泄密、篡改或伪造，将会严重威胁企业的发展，所以，中小企业电子信息安全技术的研究具有重要意义。
In the era of network information, the process of enterprise information development, information has become the key to the success of the enterprise, also an important way to improve management level. The enterprise business activities now, basically use the electronic commerce form, operation, transportation and sales are all applied to information technology. Such as through the network to collect some information about the quality of raw materials, prices, production and other information to establish a materials information system, purchasing of raw materials has a significant role in the information system. Through the analysis of the data, can be obtained with the procurement proposal and strategies, achieve enterprise electronic information technology level. The survey, eighty-two percent of small and medium-sized enterprises of the site should also in the propaganda enterprise image, product and service information, this stage to collect customer information, and e-commerce transactions related to the application of less than 1/4, indicating that the enterprise has not been fully developed and the use of commercial information channels. The information age has come to small and medium-sized enterprises, enterprises should speed up the construction of informatization.
在这个网络信息时代，企业的信息化进程不断发展，信息成了企业成败的关键，也是管理水平提高的重要途径。如今企业的商务活动，基本上都采用电子商务的形式进行，企业的生产运作、运输和销售各个方面都运用到了信息化技术。如通过网络收集一些关于原材料的质量，价格，出产地等信息来建立一个原材料信息系统，这个信息系统对原材料的采购有
很大的作用。通过对数据的分析，可以得到跟多的采购建议和对策，实现企业电子信息化水准。有关调查显示，百分之八十二的中小企业对网站的应还处于宣传企业形象，发布产品和服务信息，收集客户资料这一阶段，而电子商务这样关系到交易的应用还不到四分之一，这说明企业还未充分开发和利用商业渠道信息。中小企业信息化时代已经到来，企业应该加快信息化的建设。
Encryption technology can make the data transmission more safety and integrity, encryption technology is divided into symmetric and asymmetric encryption two. The symmetric encryption usually by sequence cipher or group secret to achieve, including plain text, key, encryption and decryption algorithm and the five basic components. Asymmetric encryption and symmetric encryption is different, asymmetric encryption requires a public key and a private key of two keys, a public key and a private key must match, using public key encryption, only the corresponding private key can decrypt. Using the private key encryption, and only use the corresponding public key can decrypt.
加密技术能够使数据的传送更为安全和完整，加密技术分为对称和非对称加密两种。其中对称加密通常通过序列密码或者分组机密来实现，包括明文、密钥、加密算法以及解密算法等五个基本组成成分。非对称加密与对称加密有所不同，非对称加密需要公开密钥和私有密钥两个密钥，公开密钥和私有密钥必须配对使用，用公开密钥进行的加密，只有其对应的私有密匙才能解密。用私有密钥进行的加密，也只有用其相应的公开密钥才能解密。
Electronic information encryption technology to transfer to secure role. In the transmission of electronic information, the encryption key or the algorithm of the encrypted information sent by the sender, if in the process of transmission is the theft of information, he can only get ciphertext ciphertext, it is impossible to understand. Accept that can use the decryption key to ciphertext decryption, back into plaintext.
加密技术对传送的电子信息能够起到保密的作用。在发送电子信息时，发送人用加密密
钥或算法对所发的信息加密后将其发出，如果在传输过程中有人窃取信息，他只能得到密文，密文是无法理解的。接受着可以利用解密密钥将密文解密，恢复成明文。
With the development of network technology, some spam, viruses and Trojan online hacker of network security has caused great threat. Enterprise information so that the network was similarly threatened the security of electronic information, enterprises are difficult to be guaranteed. In view of the network is not safe to this condition, a measure of protection to initially take is the firewall. In our personal computer in the firewall also played a big role, it can prevent the intrusion of non computer hackers, information tampering.
随着网络技术的发展，一些邮件炸弹，病毒木马和网上黑客等对网络的安全也造成了很大的威胁。企业的信息化使其网络也遭到同样的威胁，企业电子信息的安全也难以得到保证。针对网络不安全这种状况，最初采取的一种保护措施就是防火墙。在我们的个人电脑中防火墙也起到了很大的作用，它可以阻止非黑客的入侵，电脑信息的篡改等。
Message authentication and authentication are two forms of authentication, message authentication is mainly used to ensure the integrity and non-repudiation of message authentication, the user through to identify true and false information and whether the third party to modify or forge. Identity authentication and identification of the identity of the user, including the identification and validation of two steps. Clear and distinguished visitor status is identified, confirmed the user identity is verified. Users accessing some non public resources must pass authentication. For example, check the system access to universities, must go through the test number and password to access. Some of the resources of university library to the campus network can access, non campus network can not enter, unless paid for a qualified access identity.
消息认证和身份认证是认证技术的两种形式，消息认证主要用于确保信息的完整性和抗否认性，用户通过消息认证来确认信息的真假和是否被第三方修改或伪造。身份认证使用与
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