篇一：作文
一、审题
1、限定词
2、选立场：符合事实的一方好写，传统的模式更优
3、双问：
? ? ?
4、生僻词，看3年的考题
二、思路
思考方面：钱、时间、健康、教育、个人、家庭（社交网络）、社会（政府、国家；资源、政治、稳定）、权利（法律）
1、Money
2、Time
3、Health: physical/phychological,mental
4、Education
5、Individual: feeling, characteristic
6、Family&friends
7、Society
8、Rights
三、大作文结构
? 报告解释型（五段式） 首选，适用于理由观点充分
第一段：背景介绍
第二段：原因1
第三段：原因2
第四段：原因3
结尾：解决方法
In the past, family was a very crucial concept in people’s minds. Nowadays, however, the relationship between family members is not as intimate as before. What factors lead to this phenomenon and what we can do to solve the problem have become a concern to many people. In my opinion, the following reasons need to be taken into consideration.
The first reason is that people face fierce competition and suffer from great pressure. They have to work and study hard to meet the requirement of the society. They have to devote more time and energy to their careers. Consequently, some people are too occupied to spare time for their family.
Another factor that we must consider is that there are more entertainment forms available. Nowadays, high technology brings us more interesting things which can easily attract people’s attention, such as watching TV, surfing the Internet or playing video games. As a result, people are indulged in these activities, totally neglecting the feelings of other family members.
The third reason may lie in the fact that people are now more independent than before. It is
much easier to make more friends now as a result of the rapid improvement in telecommunication. Apart from their family, they can easily get help from their friends. Thus, they are not as dependent upon their families as before.
As to how to address the problem, people put forward various suggestions. The most important approach is that parents teach their children a sense of family when they are still young in order to form good habits like writing letters and making telephone calls to each other. In addition, the authorities should organize activities to promote public awareness of the importance of a harmonious family relationship.
? 报告解释型（四段式）
在论据难找，很难展开的时候适用，废话较多
第一段：背景介绍
第二段：段首原因综述，后写2-3个原因
第三段：段首解决方法综述，后写2-3个解决方法
结尾：总结
Topic: Nowadays, traffic congestion has become more and more serious. What are the reasons? How can we solve it?
In recent years, the urban problem that road traffic has become overcrowded has confronted various countries. It is undeniable that traffic congestion has adversely affected our working efficiency and mood. Therefore, how to address it becomes a thorny task for authorities. In this essay, I will analyse the reasons before outlining several suggested measures.
There are two major factors which lead to traffic congestion. First, it is closely related to the rapid development of the automobile industry. It is true that few policy-makers want to sacrifice economic benefits, and they encourage the use of private vehicles in order to increase tax revenue from the car industry. In addition to the increasing number of cars, poor public transportation systems are seen as another contributing factor. Although the increasingly congested streets have prompted authorities to construct more subways and roads, the effect remains less visible. The crowded buses, undeveloped transferring system and uncomfortable conditions of subways are the things that discourage most people from taking public transportation.
There are several measures which could tackle chronic traffic problems. It is certain that governments should take strong measures to limit the use of cars. For instance, Beijing municipal authorities have introduced some policies including discouraging car purchases by adopting a lottery system for vehicle registration permits and increasing parking fees. In addition, individuals should be encouraged to take public transportation tools through lowering the price of bus and subway tickets and through improving comfort by installing air conditioners and comfortable seats.
In conclusion, the increasingly serious traffic congestion could be relieved as long as the number of private cars declines and public transportation becomes more convenient.
?
论点数2:1，支撑句较多
第一段：表明观点A好
第二段：A的优点1
第三段：A的优点2
第四段：A的缺点1
?反驳；?削弱程度（没有那么不好，还有很多好的方面）
不要和前面的重复，在构思上，把论据较多的优点写在前面，论据较少的写成反驳
第五段：结论A好
Topic: Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmes, such as working for the charity, improving the neighbourhood or teaching sports to younger children. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
As a vital component of high school education, community service should always be a part of whole educational system. Thus, some advocate that the community service should be added to the compulsory agenda. Personally, I could not agree more.
Obviously, establishing community service as a compulsory part in high school education is not only helpful for students but also meaningful for the whole society. Firstly, the community service perfectly combines text-based and society-based methods in order to accomplish a better outcome for those students. By doing so, they have the opportunity to put their newly-learnt theories into practice.
Secondly, throughout these charitable activities, students can understand those disabled people better, so they will pay more attention to these special groups in their daily life. More importantly, it will shape their strong and independent personality gradually. Namely, offering helps to others teaches the young to understand and support each other in the community.
Admittedly, unpaid jobs for charity organizations take up some time of students who need to spend more valuable time on their study. In a short term, this activity cannot bring any rewards for those participants. However, people should never judge some activities with a short-sighted view. Instead, long-sighted perspective becomes more reasonable and smarter. With sufficient social experience and working skills, students may be more competitive in the job market after graduation in the foreseeing future.
In conclusion, it is a must to add community service to the compulsory education, especially in high schools. I strongly recommend the government and some organizations involved to take the advice into consideration.
? 辩论型（平衡四段式）
论点数：2:2~3:3 适用于论点较多但是不好展开的话题
第一段：背景介绍，不给观点
第二段：缺点1、2、3（先写反对的）
第三段：优点1、2、3
第四段：优点>缺点（比较），得出结论
Topic: The Internet is important for people in modern society, but people hold different attitudes towards it. Discuss the advantages and disadvantage and give your own opinion.
In recent years, the Internet has been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate. It seems that anyone who only knows a little about the Internet is out of date. The Internet plays such an important role that it undoubtedly has become the biggest concern of the world.
Those who welcome the Internet hold that it brings us great convenience and efficiency. Firstly, we can send emails to our friends in other countries in a few seconds while sending a traditional letter takes us at least a week and costs much. Secondly, we can make friends with people from all parts of the world. It overcomes the geographical barriers and makes the world smaller.
While people speak highly of Internet, its drawbacks should not be ignored. For one thing, it can easily lead to psychological problems. It is common that Internet-addicted person tends to be isolated, self-centered and unsociable. For another, there is a sharp rise in the number of cyber crimes. More and more financial crimes are committed via the Internet. In addition, it also has negative impacts on young people because there are a lot of obscene and violent contents on line. In view of the fact that adolescents like to imitate what they have seen, it results in the increasing crime rate for young people to a certain extent.
In my opinion, the Internet has more disadvantages than advantages. It gives rise to people’s mental problems. It results in various computer crimes. It is harmful to the growth of the young. Something should be done as soon as possible to protect from the negative effects of the Internet.
四、支撑句(先从中文上寻找多样性、不同的表达)
1、因果：
因：It is obvious/ecident/undeniable/undoubted that ...
There is no doubt/denying that ...
果：In this case/Consequently, ...
Considering this fact/situation/phenomenon, ...
2、举例
For instance/example,
X can serve as an/ another evident example, ...
Taking X as an/ another example here, ...
3、对比
On the contrary/ in contract, ...
Compared with A, B...
4、调查数据
According to the servey provided/published by X, ...
It was reported that ...
It has been confirmed that ...
五、语法(1)
1、动名词 doing
△主语 △宾语
△表语
Abandon oneself to doing
2、动词不定式 to do
△状语 表目的“为了” To address this problem, ...
△主语&宾语 形式主语 It is almost impossible to reach an absolute consensus.
I find it difficult to answer your question.
◇短主语：ing
长主语：to do
3、分词
Doing 现在分词：进行 主动
Done 过去分词：完成 被动
△定语：There are three reasons leading to this phenomenon.
◇用途：
·从句改写： →Some people pouring into metropolises are expecting to find a well-paid and decent job. ·There be 句型
Some people support this practice.
→There are some prople supporting this practice.
△状语：表示前因后果
主语主动发出doing
Living far from home, children may feel lonely.
主语被动发出 done
Applied in many field, computer can bring us great convenience.
◇状语从句改写
Comparing A and B, I think ...
Compared with A, B ...
六、语法（2）
1、宾语从句（从句作宾语成分）
△陈述句：that引导，不充当成分，无词义，可省略（仅此一个）
△一般疑问句：whether/ if 引导 “是否”
We can succeed.→I wonder whether/ if we can succeed.
△特殊疑问句：原有疑问词引导
What do the elderly need?→We must figure out what the elderly need.
2、表语从句（与宾语从句类似）
篇二：作文修改符号大全
作 文 修 改 符 号
删除号是删去字、词、句的符号。第一个符合用于删去句、段；第二个用于删去数字、词或标点符号。
调位号是调整字、词、句次序的符号。第一个和第二个符号用于个别字或少数字的调位；第三个符号用于大段或隔行的调位，箭头插在移入位置。
增补号是增补字、词、句的符号，一般用在需要增补的字、词、句的上方。第一个符号用于增补个别字；第二个符号用于增补几个字；第三个符号用于增补较多的字数。
提行号是另起一段的符号。把原来一段的文字分成两段；在需要分段的地方标示，竖线画在起段后的位置上。
压行号是降格缩行的符号，用于表示字行退后。
复原号表示恢复已删文字的符号。第一符号标在需要复原的文字下方；第二符合用于复原大段文字，符号标在已删部位的四角。
7．离空号：# #
离空号是表示空行、空格的符号。标在需要离空的位置上，空一字距用#表示，空二字距用“# #” 表示。
连续号是把两处连接在一起的符号，用于需要连接的地方，箭头指向连接处。 作文修改符号一览表
学生批改作文的方法
把作文批改分成10个部分，每个部分给5分，一篇作文满分为50分。
1．格式是否正确（5分）
其实写作文，批改作文都不难。批作文的时候，打开作文一看，格式没错，便拿出红笔，写上批语：格式正确。 批文用减分法，此项若不减分，此文则为满分5分。
2．卷面是否整洁（5分）
显然这一条又是大家都能看得出来的。批改别人作文，指出卷面不整洁时，下次自己写作文也一定要注意卷面了。
3．错别字几个（5分）
发现错字，要将错字在原文处打上标记，并且写到批语处，再在后面写上正确的字。有的粗心的同学错字挑不出来，怎么办？就搞流水作业：每人要批四篇文，每篇文要经过甲、乙、丙、丁4个人之手。甲批错别字六个，乙发现本文错别字不是6个，而是7个，那么甲就要对为什么漏掉这个错别字写出一百字的说明书。丙发现本文错字是八个，那么甲、乙同学都要被追究责任，各追加一百字的说明书。学生批改之后，老师还要抽查，重点抽查那些粗心的同学。粗心的同学一定要认真起来，发现错别字，每两个扣1分，最多扣5分。10个以上也不再多扣，但要一一给予指正。
4．有几处病句（5分）
挑出一篇作文中的病句，凡病句，都要在下面划上横线，写出病在何处，再在文后批语中，写清病句几处。每处病句减1分，减至5分，不再多减。
5．标点符号有几处明显错误（5分）
强调句号、引号、叹号、问号的使用。发现明显错误的地方，有一处扣1分，有五处扣5分，超过五处，不再多扣。 以上五条，都是写文章最低的要求，经过三、四篇文章的批改实践，就能够掌握。再批改两三篇，掌握得比较熟练了，再一条一条地增加新的要求。
6．看文章的中心是否集中、新颖、深刻、准确（5分）
这四点在作文指导时，就具体举例，告诉学生什么叫集中、新颖、深刻、准确，其中关键要抓住两点：深刻与集中。学生批改之前，老师先大致看几篇文章，在进行批改指导时，又简介两篇好的文章，再举两篇中心不突出，不集中的例文，学生从老师举的正反两方面的例文，举一反三，就能批得符合实际。学生在批改时将文章的中心是否集中、新颖、深刻、准确写入尾批。集中占3分，深刻占2分。
7．看文章的选材（5分）
这一条批语提三点要求：①文章是否围绕中心选材。②材料是否符合生活实际。③材料是否具有典型性和代表性。这三点中最重要的是第一点，随着作文水平的提高，才提出选材具有典型性的要求。在批改时，将中心材料用波浪线注明在文章的下面，同时把符合生活实际的材料和具有典型性和代表性的材料，分别
注明在文章的旁边；尾批时也将用材料的情况写进去。第一点占3分，后面两点各占1分。
8．看文章的结构（5分）
就文章的结构而言，批语也要写清三点：①层次段落是否清晰。②过渡是否自然。③开头和结尾是否照应或者自然。第一点2分，其他两点1.5分。
9．看表达方式（5分）
主要看其是否符合文章体裁的要求，记叙文以记叙为主，说明文以说明为主，议论文当然以议论为主。除此之外，还要看其是否符合作文指导的要求。如写记叙文，要求夹叙夹议，本文是不是做到了。写说明文，要求说明中有描写的成份，文中有没有适量的描写。写散文，要求记叙、议论、抒情相结合，文章中结合得怎么样。尾批时写入所采用的表达方式。根据文章情况，可酌情减分。
10．看语言是否简练、通顺、准确，用词是否确切（5分）
语言不简练，重复、罗嗦者酌情扣分，此项不超过二分。语言不通顺，不是指有病句，而是指句与句之间衔接不连贯者，扣分也不超过二分。用词不准确酌情扣分。并将语言是否简练、通顺、准确，用词是否确切写在尾批中。 由于老师讲课用的时间极少，批改作文的任务多数都在语文课堂上进行，老师指导，学生抽签互批。
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